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V 6 • i t .' ajx » • A • . • * ^ ■ * ■—•■t^iif ■'* *vy, :-^.-^ f M Hfei* ■■«♦■■. «ii(f .wss Jr*: •%v.: ^■- '*. *C^rt -;j^r' ' v&^. ) • ; ./BiHKQTAH LAND >'■;. 1 \ ■ . '*": .»'»«* '"i >jC' ' 'Sir^ ▲NP M' ,-1 j-^^ DAHKOTA'5 L^"^' ,;. :il8T0RY OF*THe'fUR TRABERsIf THE EXTREME ^ DURING THE FRENCH AND BRITISH DOMINIONS,^^ By EDW. p. NETLL, •SBOEMAKT OF TH. MINNI«>TA UI8TOW0AI, SOCMTV. T-'>^ " N«ir«r, and «Tcr nearer. amonK tho mmii>ei:t.-8H Irfanrt. Dtirted a UkIiI, swift boat, that sped a«;ay o'or the water, U^^ o„ «« cour. by tho Kin-w^ ann. of h„nto« and trapperK^ ^ NoSward ita^p^w w«« turned, t« the. Und of the ^^2;^^^^^^,^, %' ;•;' J. -5% PHILADELPfilA: B. LIPPINtoOTT & CO. CHICAGO: 8. 0. GRIGGS A 00. AND BOOKSBLUBpUS OJNBRAIiLY. 1869. M^ lA - 1 A^ X !?%< •,' If llftUO-o \ Bntered, aoeording to Aot of Congress, in the year 1868, bj EDWARD DUFFIELD NKIU; in the Clerk's Office of the District Conrt of the Eastern District of Pennsjlrania. HUBS a DusnraiBT, BTBunmns. . 'iliiH a, i Artji 4a J,a » .V WUWi ^ . A''*'iia-w \ '# ot of Penneiylvania. The following pages form the first part of "Nktll's History of Min- NKSOTA, from the Earliest Exploration to the Present Time." The entire work makes an octavo of 628 pages. Printed on fine -paper, and bound in muslin. Price per copy, $2 50. Published by J. B. Lippincott & Co., Pliiladelphia ; and for sale by S. C. Gbiqos & Co., Chicago ; and Booksellers generally. " s ..<^-^ / *v 1 -'/'■ "^^^t^B^. v#- •¥ DAKOTAH LAND AND ' DAKOTAH LIFf;%": CHAPTEB I. Minnesota is the "land of the Dahkotahs." 'Long be^bre. their existence was known to civilized men, they wandered tjirough the forests, between Lake Superior and the Mississippi, in quest of the bounding deer, and over the^airies beyond in search of the ponderous buffalo. ^^° ' They are an entirely different group from the Algon- qum and Iroquois, who were found by the early settlers of the Atlantic States, on the banks of the Qoimecticut, Mohawk, and Susquehanna rivers. Their language is much more difficult to comprehend; and, wt^e they have many customs in common with the tribes who once dwelt in New England, New York, Pennsylvania, and Illinois, they have peculiarities which mark them as belonging to a distinct family of the aborigines of America. Winona, Wapashaw, Mendota, Anoka, Kasota, Mah- kahto, and other names designating the towns, hamlets, and streams of Minnesota, are words delved from the Dahkotah vocabulary. Between the head of Lake Superior and the Missis- 4 - (49) '-'r '. „ ;i - -1 :' V ^ .r «Btm> n^*"***^ ' (^(•S ► -^""i ^;^ IS", -^ji --ii;;?^ ■' ■ 50 HISTORY OF MINNESOTA. sippi river, above the Falls of Saint Anthony, is a country of many lakes. So numerous aie they, and interlaced by clear and sparkling brooks, to an aeronaut they would appear like a necklace of diamonds, on silver filaments, gracefully thrown upon the bosom of Earth. Surrounded by forests of the sugar maple — ^the neigh- bouring marshes fertile in ilie growth of wild rice — the , waters abounding in fish — the shores once alive with the beaver, the otter, the bear, and the fox— they were sites just adapted for the residence of an Indian popu- lation.' "When the Dahkotahs were first noticed by the Euro- ' pean adventurer, large numbers were occupying this region of country, and appropriately called" by the voya- geur, ." People of the Lakes." ^ And tradition, asserts that here, was the ancient centre of this tribe. Though we have traces of their warring and hunting on the shores of Lake Superior, there is no satisfactory evid^jce, . of their residence, east of the Mille Lac region.' ^f The word Dahketah, by whigh they love to be desig- nated, signifies allied or joined together in friendly com- pact, and is equivalent to ^/ E pluribus unum," the motto on the seal of the United States. In the history of the mission at La I*ointe, Wisconsin, published nearly two centuries ago, a writer, referring to' the Dahkotahs, remarks: — " For sixty leagues from the extremity of the Upper Lake, toward sunset; and, as it were in the centre of 1 / . ■ the western nations, they have all wilted thmr 'jorceby ! ': a general league." 1 A/ . • Gens du Lao. * They have no name for Lake Superior. — G. H. Pond, in " Dahhotdh Thwaxitku Kin." r. ■ w\ -" ■■.■ .-* ■/■ ■■■' ' ■ . . ' ■/■■■' ■ ■'"; / ■ ■ ' T ! . . 4 ^^B e'^Rf?»^i|s^jj^$^t^!"?»^'»T^"KVf?f^ "s""- C -"^A"* fj ?';^r ?" T'^^ " inff^-"- / f ■ nd, in " Ddkkotah THE NAMES SIOUX, AND bAHKOTAH. 51 The Dahkotahs in the earliest documents, and even until the present day, are calle^a Sioux, Scioux, or Soos. . The name originated with the early *i voyageurs." - Foi ^ centuries the Ojibways of Lake Superior waged Far against the Dahkotahs j an^, whenever they spoke ot them, called them Na^owaysioux, which signifies ene- mies. . . i^l. .^ X- The French traders, to avoid exciting the attention of Indians, while conversing in their presence, were accustomed to designate them by names, which would not be recognised. - . • The Dahkotahs were nicknamed Sioux, a word com^ . posed, of the two last syllables, of the Qjibway word, for foes. - . Charlevoix, who visited Wisconsin in 1721, m his history of New France says-: "The name of Siqux, that we give to these Indians, is entirely^f our own making, or rather it is. the last two syllables pf the riame^ of Nadouessioux, as many nations call them*" From an early period, there -have been three great divisions of this people, which have been, subdivided into smaller bands. The first are called the Isanyati, the Issati of Hennepin, after one of the many lakes at the head waters of tlie river, marked on modem maps, by the unpoetic name df Rum. It is aflserted by Dahkotah -missionaries now living, that this name was given to the lake because ^tfe stone from which th^ manufactured the knife (isan) was here obtained. -The principal band of the Isanti wasl^e M'dewakanton-' wan.' In the Journal of Le Sueur, they are spoken of as residing on a- lake east of tie Mississippi. Tra- > Pronounced aa if' written Meddaj«wawkawn-twawn. x> l< * 52 HISTORY OP MINl^SC^TA. V I dition says that'it was a -day's walk from Isatitamde or Knife Lake. ' , • ." ^ On a map prepared in Paris in 1703w-Rum Riv«r is called the river of the M'dewakantonwans, and the ' '^ Spirit I^e on which they dwelt, was, without doubt, ' Mille Lac of modem charts. ^ ^^»> The -second great division is the Ihanktonwan, com- monly called Yankton. They appear to have occupied th^ region west of the M'dew^antonT^an^ and north of th,e Minnesota^ river. The geographer De Lisle places their early residence in the vicinity of Traverse des Sioux, exten^g northward. - ' The last division,^ the Titonwan, hunted west of the \ Ihanktons, and all the early maps mark their villages^ at Lac-qui-parle and Big Stone Lak;e.^ ^ ' Hennepin, ^in August, 1679, in the vjdnity of the ^ Falls of Niagara, met the S^ecas retumiiig from war with the Dahkotahs, and with thpm some captive Tift- tonwa^s (Teetwawns). i^his division is now the most numerous, and comprises about one-half of the whole nation. They have ,wan- .dered to the plains beyond the Missouri, and are the, + plundering Arabs of America. Whenever they appear - in sight of the eiiii^ant train, journeying to the Pa^cific cofi&t, the hearts of the company are filled with pamful apprehensions. . ^ . ' ^ . - > North of the Dahkota^, on LakS of the Woods find the watercourses connecting it with Lake Superior, were the Assiniboine. These were once a portion of tha nation. Before the other divisions of the Datkotahs ' .had traded with the French, th^ had borne tjipir pel- tries to the English post. Fort Nelson, on Hudson's Bay, and ^ad. ifeceived iii return British manufactures. By > z^i :# •»■■■■ v^f.. "^y*! DIFFERENT DAHKOTAH BANDS. 53 aadQciation with the English, they learned to look upon - ' the French w^th distrust, and in time to J)a hostile towards' those who had formed alliances with the French. , ' ' . ^ ' Le Sueur writes, in ^lation to then- sepaTation from the rest^ the nation,- in these words :-^ ' " TheAssii^po^speak Scioux, and are certainly of that nation.. It is only a few years sinpe they became . enemies, mhus origina|ed : The Christianai^x having the use of. arms fcefore tie Scioux, through the English at Hudson's- Bay, ^they constantly warred upon the Asssinipoils, wfco were their nearest neighbours. . The ^ latter being weak sued for peace, ajid, to render it more lig, married, the Ghriatianaux women. The pother Scioux, w:ho had^ not made the compact, continued to war, and seeing ^meChristianaux with the Assinipoils,- . broke theii; heads.'! After this there was aUenation. A letter, however, written at Fort Bourbon, on Hudson's Bay, about 169^, remarks :"^atis said that the Assim- ^ boins are a nation of the Sioux, which separated from ^hem a lemg Urns ago." * , ^ The Dahkbtahs xjall the^^alienated tribes Hohays, ^ and make woman the cause of the separation. «. They ., ore said to have belonged to the B^anktonwan (Yankton) -division of the nation. Ac quajrrel, tradition asserts, • ^ccuTred between two^^famili^s hunting at the time in the vicinity of Lake Traverse. A young man Seduced the wife of one of the warriors. The injured J|iisbW, in attempting to rescue his wife, was killed in the tent of the seducer. His fetherund some relatives^anted to secur? the -corpse. ^ the road, they were met, by 'spme of the friends of the guilty yoUth^and three qf ^their number were killed.' The father then turned back •v. . <^ m-' ,y 54 * HISTORY OF MINNESOTA. ■•*:■.■ and raised a party of sixty warriors, who waged war against the seducer , and his friends, which conthiued until the whole band were iiivolved, and ended in a revolt upon the part of \he aggressor and h^ friends, who in time became a separate people. In the valleys of the Blue Earth, the Des Moines, and the eastern tributaries of the Missouri, within the limits of the territory of Minnesota, there also dwelt in ancient days bands of the loways, Ottoes, Cheyennes, Aricarees, tf and Omahaws, who sought other hunting-grounds as the Dahkotahs advanced westward. " ^ The Dahkotahs, like all ignorant and barbarous peo- ple, have but little reflection beyond that necessary to gratify the pleasure of revenge and of the appetite. It would be strange to find heroes among skulking savages, or maidens like "Minnehaha" of the poet, among those whose virtue can be easily purchased. While there ai^ exceptions, the general characteristics of the Dahkotahs, and aU Indiansj are indolence, im- purity, and indifference to the future. The religion' of this people is exceedingly indistinct, and with reluctance do they converse on the subject. That, a nation so low in the scale of humanity should have preserved the idea of one great "spirit, the father of all spirits, the supreme and most perfect of beings, is not to be supposed. To attribute to them more elevated conceptions than those of the cultivated Athe- nians, is perfect absurdity. The Dahkotahs, in their religious belief, are polytheists. The hunter, as he passes over the plains, &ids a granite boulder : he stops and prays to it, for it is " TTawAwMTn"— mysterious or supernatural. At another time, he will pray to' his ve p#er to exterminate the inferior The Jupiter Maximus of the Dahkotahs is styled Oanktayhee. As the ancient Hebrews avoided speak- ing the name of Jehovah,' so they dislike to speak the n^e of this deity, but call him "Taku-wakan, or « That which is supernatural." This mighty god mani- fests himself as a Ijirge ox. His eyes are as large aa the moon. He can haul in his horns and tail, or he can lengthen them, as he pleases. From him proceed ij^- visible influences, In his extremities reside mighty powers. He is said to have created the earth. Assembbng m grand conclave all of the aquatic tribes, he ordered them to bring up dirt from beneath the water, and proclauned death to the disobedient. The beaver and others for- feited their lives. At last the' muskrat went beneath the waters, and, after a long time, appeared at the sur- face nearly exhausted, with som^ dirt. From this, -ira- ; m M,*'At^ibm^i.''-iL> fi^- ^^ -..>&.<^ ^^l,^b£^^ ffH^-F^ '■T"se^s|:^u^4i-v;^^T-^|^?!«v-i'- ■fi-^f'T^ f -, -. c pp iv^p^r. ^Bw^ J. ^7j s 56 HISTORY OF MINNESOTA. Oanktayhee faehioned the earth* into a large circular plain. The earth being finished, he took a deity, one of his own oflfepring, and grinding him to powder, sprinkled It upon the earth, and this produced many worms. The worms were then collected and scattered again. They matured into infants ; and these were then collected and scattered andl)ecame full-grown Dahkotahs. The bones of the mastodon, the Dahkotahs think, are those of Oanktayhee, and they preserve them with the greatest care in the medicine bag. It- is the belief of the Dahkotahs that the Eev. R. Hopkins, who was drowned at Traverse des Sioux, on July 4th, 1851, was killed by Oanktayhee, who dwells in* the waters, because he had preached against him. This deity is supposed to have a dwelling-place beneath the Falls of Saint Anthony. A few years ago, by the sudden breajdng up of a gorge of ice, & cabin near Fort SneUing, containing a soldier, was swept off by the flood. The Dahkotahs supposed that this great god was descending the river at the time, and, being hungry, devoured the man. Hat-o-kah (the aniirnaiurcil god) . — -There are four per- sons in this godhead. The first appears like a tall and slender man with two faces, like the Janus of ancient mythology. Apollo-like, he holds a bow in his hand streaked with red lightning, also a rattle of deer claws. The second is a little old man with a cocked hat and enormous ears, holding a yellow bow. The third, a man ■with a flute suspended fi*om his neck. ThR fourth is invisible and mysterious, and is the gentle zeph3f|^|iich Ivends the gnuss and causes the ripple of the waSIC iUyoikailk^ is a perfect paradox. He oaUs bitter sweet, f».«:ii HAYOKAH, AND OTHER DEITIES. 57 % large circular r and sweet bitter; he groans when he is full of joy; ho laughs when he is m distress ; he calls blaxik, white, and white, black ; when he wishes to tell the truth he speaks a he, and when he desires to lie, he speaks the truth ; in winter he goes naked, and in summer he wraps up m buffalo robes. The Uttle hills on the prairies are caUed Hay-o-kah-tee, or the house of Hay-o-kah. Those whom he inspires, can make the winds blow and the rain fafl, the grass to, grow and wither. There is said to exist a clan wbo especially adore this deity, and at times dance in his honour. At dawn of day they assemble withm a teep6e, in the centre of which is u fire, over which are suspended kettles. With cone- shaped hats and ear-rings, both made of bark, and loms girded with the same material, they look like incarnate demons. On their hats are aigzag streaks of paint- representations of lightning. The company remain seated and smoking around the fire, until the w^ter in the kettle begins to boil, which is a signal for the commencement of the dance. The excitement now becomes intense. They jump, shout, and sing around the fire, and at last plunge their hands into the cauldron, seize and eat the boiled meat. Then they throw* the scalding water, on esph. others backs, the sufferers never wincing, but insisting that it is cold. Taku-shkan-shkan.— This deity is supposed to be invisible, yet everywhere present. He is full of rey|f ge, exceedhigly wrathful, very deceitful, and a seardier of hearts. His favourite haunts ore the four winds, and the gramilboulders strewn on the plains of Minnesota. He is ^ver m happy m when he beholds scalps, warm and reeking with blood. a - . Thfi object of that strange ceremony of the Dahko- % «iAk<»4u^I*l^ HISTORY OP MINNESOTA. .. tabs, in whkh the perfornier being bound hand and foot with the greatest care, is suddenly unbound by an invi- sible agent, is to obtain an interview with Taku-shkan- shkan. * . . . ° The name of another one of the superior divinities is Wahkeenyan. His tSSpSS is supposed to be on a mound on the top of a high mountain, in the far West. The t5SpS& or tent has four openings, with sentinels clothed in red down. A butterfly is stationed at the east, a bear at the west, a fawn at the south, and a reindeer at the north entrance. He is supposed to be a gigantic bird, the flapping of whose wings makes thunder. He has a bitter entoity agamst Oanktayhee, and attempts to kill his ofifepring. The high water a few years ago was supposed to be caused by his shooting through the earth, and allowing the water to flow out. When the lightning strikes their t56p66s or the ground, they think that Oanktayhee was near the surface of the earth, and that Wahkeenyan, in great rage, fired a hot thunderbolt at him. By him wild rice, is said to have been created, also the spear, and tomahawk. A bird of thunder was once killed, the Indians assert, near Kaposia. Its face resembled the human counte- nance. Its nose was hooked like the bill of an eagle. Its wings had four joints, and zigzag like the lightning. About thirty miles from Big Stone Lake, near the head waters of the Minnesota, there are several small lakes bordered with oak-trees. This is the supposed birth-plaoe of the Thunder Bird, and is called the Nest of Thunder. The first step the spirit ever took in this world was equal to that of the hero, in the child's story, who wore seven-league boots, being twenty-five miles in Tenjgth. A rock B pointed out wMcfi Baa a W)frl 5v -;iZ^Sf^P?^f\J^' ■^■- WAHKEENYAN.-THUNDER 5lRD. 59 been created, also impression, which they say is l^ls tr<«>k ; and the hill is called Thunder Tracks. - , , ..A son of Colonel Snelling, the first cdmnmider of je fort of that name, in a poem, which « P»bhshed m iswold's coU&tim of American poetry, aUudes to the 1 foregoing incidents : — , " The moon that night withheld her light. By fits, instead, a lurid glare Illumed the skies ; whUe mortal eyes Were closed, and voices rose in prayer While the revolving sun Three times his course might run, The dreadful darkness lasted ; And all that time the red man's eye A sleeping spirit might espy, ^ Upon a tree-top iradled high, Whose trunk his breath had blasted. So long he slept, he grew so fast. Beneath his weight the gnarlM oak Snapped, as the tempest snaps the mast: ^ It fell, and Thunder woke 1 The world'to its foundation shook. The grizaly bear hi8j)rey forsook, >^ ,The scowUng heave?i an aspect bore That man had never seen before ; , The wolf in terror fled away. And shone at last the light of day. " 'Twas here he stood ; these lakes attest . Where first Waw-km-an'b footsteps press'd... About his burning brow a cloud, Black as the raven's wing, he wore ; Thick tempests wrapt him like a shroud, Rfed lightning* in his hand he bore } ' Like two bright suns his eyeballs shone, His voice was like the cannon's tone ; . And, where he breathed, the land became, • Prairie and wood, one sheet of flame. .. " Not long upon *Mt ttonntain height ^"• The first and worst of storms abode, ^ i IM^ s^\ ^TT- ^PS-S^*^ *!*' t* i* ts*^ fitf *•, ">Tt»y '^''^'^^••-^'f^if/tp-^^r''^ tr^'-^-'^f> ", •»" * J "** ■' >- 7'j '5 " cf F *i ^-t QO HISTORY Of MINNESOTA. For, npiOTing in his fearful might, Abroad the Goivbegotten strode. Afar, on yonder faint blue mound, In the horizon's utmost bound, At the first stride his foot he set ; The jarring world confessed the shock. Stranger I the track of "Thunder yet - Remains upon the living rook. " The second step, he gained the--sand * • On far Superior's storm-beat strand : ^ Then with his shout the concave rung, As up to heaven the giant sprung On high, beside his sire to dwell ; But still, of all the spots on earth, He loves the woods tibat gave him birth. — l^oh is the talo our fiEithers tell." ^ After an individual has dreamed in relation to the sun, there are sacred ceremonies. Two persons are the participants, who assume a pecu^iaa^-«tti|ude. Almost naked, holding a small whistle in their mouths, they look towards the sun, and dance with a strange and awkward step. One of their interpreters remarks, " The nearest and bes.t comparison I can make of them when worshipping, is a frog held up by the middle with its legs half drawn up." During the continuance of the ceremony, which may last two or three days, the parties fast. When a Dahkotah is troubled in spirit, and desires to be delivered from real or imaginary danger, he will select a stone that is round and portable, and, placing it in a spot free fi«m grass and underbrush, he will streak it with red pamt, and, offering to it some feathers, he will pray to it for help. The stone, after the ceremony is over, does not appear to be regarded with veneration. If yidtors request them, they can be obtained. ,. »1 ®^*f??5^ ^VA^*^^wr SACRED MEN INITIATED. ^ QHAPTER II. a In all nations where the masses are unenEghtened, aeir spintual nature is uncpltivated, and they believe whatever a class of men pretending to have authority )m the spuit world, may impose upon them. AU Ignorant communities are superstitious and easily pnesi- Kdden. The early Britons looked upon the Druids, as L supernatural, and wonder-working class, and they Fed and- feared them. The Wawkawn, or medicme imen hold the same relation to the Dahkotahs as the iDruids to the ancient Britons. They are the most )owerful and influential of the tribe. They are looked ipon as a species of demi-gods. They assert their jrigm to be miracutous. " At first they are spiritual existences, encased in a seed of some description of a cringed nature, like the thistle. Wailed by the breeze lix) the dwelling-place of the gods, they are received to [intimate communion. After being mstructed m rela- tion to the mysteries of the spirit world, they go forth to study the 'Character of aU tribes. After deciding upon a residence, they entor the body of some one about to become a mother, and are ushered by her mto the world. A great majority of the M'dewakantonwans I are medicine men. ^ When an individual dearea to belong te this pnest- -*—"—'■" i.)^~..i- 11-11. .1.1- 1.1 I. ...—..ui— -,■■■■,— , ■ i.,...i.Mi.i.i.i .-.I ■■■■■— ■■—■I.I —■■Ml".™..'— —■■■-■■■— 11 I # '? *■ — ?^- i .. 'U ■i'wmifm.fvi^ff^ If Q2 HISTORY OF MINNESOTA. hood, lie is initiated by what is termed a "medicine dance" This dance is said to have been mstituted br Danktayhee; the patron of medicine meli The editor of the "Dahkotah J^riend," m a descnption of this dance, remarks :— *" . , .' xv* • *' "When a member is to be received mto this society, it is his duty, to take the hot bath, four days in succes- sion In the mean tune, some of the elders of the society instruct him in the mysteries of the^medicine, - and Wahmnoo-Aah-sheU in the throat. He ib also , provided with a dish (wojute) and spoon. On the side of the dish is sometimes carved the head of some vora- cioiis animal, in which resides the spirit of Eeyah (glut- ton god) This dish is always carried by its owner to the medicine feast, and it is his duty, ordinarily, to eat m which is served up in it. Gray Iron has a dish which was given him at the time of his imtiation, on the bottom of which ,is carved, a bear complete. Ihe candidate is also instructed with what pamts, and m what manner, he shall paint hunself, which must always be the same, when he appears in the dance. There is supematoal virtue in this paint^and the manner^m which it is applied; and those who have not been fur- nished with a better, by the regular war prophets, wear it into battle, as a life-preserver. The bag contains besides, the claws of animals, with the toanwan of which they can, it is believed, inflict painful diseases and death on whomsoever, and whenever, they desire. « The candidate being thus duly prepared for mitia- tion, and having made the necessary offerings for the benefit df the institution, on the evening of the day pre- vious to the dance a lodge is prepared, and from ten to twf>nty nf thft more substantial members pass the night^ I f /■v/ m s >r irvm - » /-^ MEDICINE DANCE AND SONGS. 63 in singing, dancing^ and feasting. In the morning, the tent is opened for the dance. After a few appropriate ceremonies preliminary to the grand operation, the can- didate takes his place on a pile of blankets which he has contributed for the occasion, naked, except the breech-cloth and moccasins, duly, painted and prepared for the mysterious . operation. An elder having been stationed in the rear of the novice, the master^ of the ceremonies, with his knee and hip joints bent to an angle of about forty-five degrees, advances, with an unsteady, unnatural step, with his bag in ,his handy uttering, " Beeriy heen, /lee/i," with great energy, and raising the bag near a paiuted spot on the breast of the candidate, gives the discharge, the person stationed in the rear gives him a push forward at the same instant, and as he falls headlong throws the blankets over him. Then, while the dancers gather around him and chant, the master throws off the covering, and, chewing a piece of the bone of the OanktayAee, spirts it over him, and he revives, and resumes a sitting posture. All then return to their seats except the master ; he approaches, and, making indescribable noises, pats upon the breast of the novice, till the latter, in agonizing throes, heaves up the Wahmnoo-Aah or shell, which falls from his mouth upon the bfitg which had been previously spread before him for that purpose. Life being now comjJtetely restored, and with the mysterious shell in his open hand," the new-made member passes around and exhi- bits it tb all the members and to the wondering by- stand^s, and the ceremonies of initiation are closed. The dance continues, interspersed with shooting each other, rests, smoking, and taking refreshments, till they have jumped to the muBic of four Beta of singers. Be- 8f ^FWr-p*--' ^"i.^lif^tx^f'^r^^ri l-?|:»'s?-'^-ift^v-v~ .r^- X i ' ei HISTORY OP MINNESOTA. sidies vocal music, they make use of- the drum aad the gourd-shell rattle.. The following chants, which are used in iie dance, will best exhibit the charac^^er of this myierioua institution of the Oanktay^ee :— ^ " Waduta ohna micage. Waduta ohna micage. /* ^ Miniyata ite wakan de maqu, • Tunkanizdan. V " He created it for me endlosed in red down. ^ He created.it for me enolosed in red down. He in the water with a mysterious visage gave me this, ^ My grandfather. w' < " Tunkanizdan pejihuta wakan micage. He wioake. Miniyata oicage wakan kin maqu ye, \ Tunkanizdan ito kin yuwinta wo. ^ Wahutopa yuha ite yuwinto wo. •' " My papdfather created for me mysterious me,dioine, \ '' That is true. The mysterious being in the water gave it to me. Stretch out your hand' before the face of my grandfather, Having a quadruped, stretch out your hand before- him." The medicine pouch is the skin of an otter, fox, or similar animal, contai^g eertor aa^cles which are held sacred. ; A warrior leaving his village to hu^t, gave his pouch to a friend of the writer, whoJhad dwelt as a missionary aaioiig the Dahkot^hs for a Kore of years. l!he owner having died, he retained it, and, being at his house one day, it was, at my request, opened. The contents were some dried mud, a dead beetle, a few roots, and a scrap of an old .letter, which had probably been picked up. about the walk of Fort Snelling. WhflTft ihft floimaoe of medicine Ig not understood, the j^*^% ,.f ^■m^-^r^,: ^■% ) PRACTICE OP MEDICINE.— VAPOUR BAi'H. 66 r ]»Kabitants sUte very superstitious concerning t]ie sick. . Those who are prominelit in their devotion to thei^acred rites of a heathen tribe^ generally act as physicians: The Druids of the early Britons performed the duties of doctors, and the conjurers, or medicine men, as they are generally termed, are call^ji to attend the sick Dah- kiptahs.f This tribe of Indians- are -^ell acquainted with the bones of thes^dy ; but no Dr. Hunter has yet risen among them to explain the circulation ot thef blood, and therefore they have but a jingle word for nerves, arteries, and veins. When a young man jis sick, he is generally well watched; but old persons, and those that have some defoamity, are often neglected. To effect a cure, they often practise what is called steaming. They erect a small tent covered with thick buffalo robes, in - which they place some hot stone& .Stripping the sick person of his blanket, they -plaffi' Him in the tent. Water is then thrown upon the hm, stones, which creates considerable vapour. After the patient has been confined in thii^ close tent for some time, and) has perspired pro- fusely, they occasionaWy take him out and plunge him into the paters of an adjacent river or lake. This custom is very ancient. One of the first white men who appear to have resided amongst them, was a Franciscan pnest, named Hennepin. He was made their prisoner in the year 1680, while travelling on the Mississippi, aJDove the Wisconsin river. JThe Dahkotahs took him to their villages on the shores of Rum river, at Mille Lac, where he was quartered in a chief's lodge^ whose name was Aquipaguetin. The chief observing that Hennepin was much fatigued, ordered an oven to ' be made, which, to use the woMs of the Franciscan, - "ho ordered megH enter, stark naked, with four /-■ .% .^f '«.'■ 66 HISTOBY OP MINNESOTA. I . <. I >^ ik . rr f^Talo hides, and IS." They jould. As go their savages. The oven was covered in it they placed red-hot flint an ordered me to hold mytreath soon aa the savages th&| ^J breath, which they did wityl^pfeat fopc^, Aqnipaguetin began to sing. The others seconded^him ; and laying their hands on my body began to rub, and at the same time cry bitterly., I was near fainting, and forced to leave the oven. At my coming out, I could scarcely ' take up my cloak. However, they con^ued to mdke me sweat thrice a week> which at last ^restored me to my former vigour." When a Dahkotah is very sick, the friends call in a conjurer or medicine man. Before we proceed, it is ^ proper to explain the meaning of the term ^' medicine man." Anything that is mysterious or wonderful, the Dahkotahs call " WawkaWn." The early explorers and traders in Minn^ta were French, and .they always call a* docto^ " medecin." As the Indian doctors are all dealers last obtai that is ^ man" means, then, a doctor who calls to his aid charms ' and incantations. The medicine men are divided,into war prophets, and conjurers or doctors. - -' A Dahkotah, when he is sick, believes that he is po«- sessed by the spirit of some animal, or insect,- or enemy. The medicine men, are supposed to have great power of J suction in their jaws, by wliich they can draw out the spirit that afflicts the patient^ tod thus restore him to health. .They are mjuch feared by all the tribe. The doctor is called to see a sick person by sending some one with a present qf a horse or. blankets, or something as t0< iries, thfl Tford ^medicine" has at signipyftion, meaning any thin or unaccountable. A "medicinev y. • A- MEDICAL PR4§nCE. •67 valuable. The messenger sometimes carries a bell, arid rings around the lodge until the awjurer makes his appe'drance; at other times 'he Keafp to the doctor's lodge^'a lighted pipe, and prese^mg it to him, places his hands on his^head and moans.l .. , "iThe person sent to call on the docto*^trips liimself for running, retaining 'only his bre^ cloth, and carry- ing a bell. He enters the lodge, fg| without further^i ceremony, #kes the doctor- with W foot, jingles his" bell, and suddenly issuing from the 1 ''^f^, runs with all his might for the sick man's lodge, w^ the doctor at his heels. If the latter overtakes and kicks him before he reaches, the lodge, fie does not prof«»i nvi^ furth^i* but returns home. Another, person is fcn despatched, and it is not until one is sesnt who is too swift for higi, that the doctor's services can be secured." The doctor haviiig entered the tent, without touching the patient, begins to' strip himself, leaving nothing upon his body but the breech cloth, and moccasins. Having obtained a sabred tattle, which is nothing more than a dried gou-rd, filled with a few kernels of com,' or. beads, he begins, to shake and sing in fcarthly monotones. - He now gets upon his knees, and, to use a vul^rism, "crawls, on all fours," up to his patient. , After a few moments we- see him rise 'again retehing violently, and picking up a bowl o^ water thrusts his face therein, and b^ns to make a gurgling noise. Into this bow^l he ^pesses to expectorate the spirit which has incited the - disease. The doctor having decided what animal has possessed his patient, he has an image of the animal made f)ut of bark, and placed outside near the t^nt door in a vessel of water. Mr, Prescdtt, United States Interpreter of the Dahkotahs, in acpmmupicatioii upon thiiaLSubiect 1 ^ ■::^ I : -4 I ■'■% ^ 68 HISTORY OF MINNESOTA. says : " The animal made of bark is to be shot. Two or three Indians are in waiting, standing near the bowl, with loaded guns, ready to shoot when the conjurer gives the signal. To be sure that the conjuring shall have ythe desired effect, a woman must stand astride the bowl, when the men fire into it, with her dress raised as high as the knees. The men are instructed how to act by the conjurer; and as soon as he makes his ap- pearance out j:i' doors, they all fire into the bowl, and blow thQ little bark animal to pieces. The woman steps aside, and the juggler makes a jump at the bowl on his hands and knees, and commences blubbering in the water. While this is going on, the woman has to jump oii l^e juggler's back, and stand thei^ a moment ; then she gets off, and as soon as he has finished>iiw( incantations, the woman takes him by the hair of his head, and pull's him back into the lodge. If there are- any fragments found of the aiiimal that has been shot, they are buried. If this does not cure, a similar cere- mony Is performed, but some other kind of animal is shaped out." ^ Among the earliest songs, to which a Dahkotah child listens, are those of war. As soon as he begins to totter About, he carries as a plaything, a miniature bow, and arrow. The first thing he is taught, as great an4 truly noble, is taking a scalp, and he pants to perform an a«t, which is so manly. At the age of sixteen, he is often on the war path. When a boy is of the proper age to go to war, he is presented with weapons, or he makes a war club. He then consecrates certain parts of animals, which* he vows, not to eat. After he lias killed an enemy, he is at liberty, to eat of any one of those j)ortion8 of an animal, from which he agreed to abstain. If he kills ^i **«|u|i:,,,. ^". -V CRUELTY TO FOES. 6d another person, the prohibition is taken off from another part, until finally he has emancipated himself from his oath, by his bravery. Before young men go out on a war party, they endeavour to propitiate the patroil deity by a feast. During the hours of n^ght, they'^'celebrate the " armour feast," which is distinguished by druinming, singing, and agonizing shrieks. The war prophets or priests, by the narrating of pre- tended dreams, or Ijy inspiring oratory, incite the tribe against an enemy. If a party are successful in securing scalps, they paint themselves black, and return home in mad triumph. As they approach their village, those who are there run forth to greet them, and strip them of their clothes, and supply them with others. The scalp is very carefully prepared for ^ exhibition, being painted red, and stretched upon a hoop, which is fastened to a pole. If the scalp is from a man, it is decked with an eagle's feather, if from a woman, with a^omb. At a scalp dance, which we once attended at Kaposia, the braves stood on one side of the circle, drumming and rattling, and shouting a monotonous song, reminding one of a song of chimney sweeps of a ci^^^ The women, standing opposite to the men, advanced and retreated from the men, squeaking in an unearthly man- ner, a 86rt of chorus. This is the chief dance, in which the women, engage. If a scalp is taken in summer, they dance until the falling of the leaves ; if in winter, u^til the leaves begin to appear. When the scalp is freshly painted, as it is four%earty to carry the ball from the other beyond one of the bounds. Two or tlnee- hundred men are aoiftetimea engaged at once. On ■,/ ' ' ! • ! : ■ I -,-V #■■ HISTORY OF .MINNESOTA. 80 wash it from head to- foot. The^^^^^^f ^ ^^fl^J^^tt ' - Tit^ith Indian composure, and seemed to think that ^ af^on Stew-pan was just as good or waslnng babes a. .^ " •' for cooking beans. Where there, is so much dirt of • . course vermin must abound. They are not much dis. tressed by the presence of those insects which are so nauseating to the civilized man. Being without shame, a common sight, of a summer's eve, IS a woman or child with her head in another's >p, who is kmdly kilhng the fleas and other vermin that are burrowmg m the long, matted, and uncombed hair. ^ . The Dahkotahs have no regular time for eating. Dependent, a^ th^y are, upon hunting and fishvig for subsistence, they vaciUateJfrom the proximity of star- vation to gluttony.- It is considered uncourteous to refuse an iovitation to a feast, and a smgle man will s6metimes attend six or seven in a day, and eat mtem- perately Before they came m contact with the whites, they subsisted upon venison, buflfalo, and dog meat. . ^ The latter animal has always been considered a deh- cacy by these epicures. In illustration of these remarks, I transcribe an extract from a journal of a missionary, who visited Lake Traverse in April, 1839 :— « Last evening, at dark, our Indians chiefly returned, having eaten to the full of buflfalo and dog meat I asked one how many times they were- feasted. He said, * to> and if it had not become dark so soon, we should have been called three or four times more.' * ' * * This morning, * Bummg-Earth' (chief of the Sissetonwan Dahkotahs), came again to our encampment," and re- moving we accompanied him to his village at the south- western end of the lake. * * * Ip the afternoon, I visited the cSief j' found him just about to leave for ;fef: * 1 IRREGULAR MODE OF LIFE. 81 a dog feast to which he had been called. When he had received some papers of medicine I had for him, he left, saying, 'The Sioux love dog meat as well as white people do pork.' " - ^-^ In this connection, it should be stated that the Dah- kotahs have no regular hours of retiring. Enter a New England village after nine o'clock, and all is still. Walk through Philadelphia after the State House clock has struck eleven, and everybody an4 thing, hacks, hack- men, and those on foot, appear to be hastening to rest; the lamp in the store, the entry and parlour, is extin- guished, and lights begin to flicker in the chambers and- in the garrets, and soon all are quiejUgpept rogues and ^ ^ disorderly persons, and those whor^^lich j and you can hear ^he clock tick in the entrk aiid tfetlS : watchman's ^\ slow s\ep\as he walks up and ffl^^E|i|%^tiJ'eet. Bull there is nothing like this in an IliB|^i|jllage. They sleep whenever inclination prompts ; some by day and some by night. If you were to enter a Dahkotah village, at midnight, you might, perhaps, see some few huddled round the fire of a teepee, listening to the tale of an old warrior, who has often engaged in bloody conflict with iJ^ir ancient and present enemies, the Ojibways; or you [ might .hear the unearthly chanting of some medicij man, endeavouring to exorcise some spirit from a si man j « or see some lounging about, whiffing out of their sacred red stone pipes, the smoke of kinnikinnick, a species of willow bark; or some. of the'^oung men sneaking around a lodge, and waiting for the lodge-fire to cease to flicker before they perpetrate some deed of sin ; or you might hear a low, wild drumming, and then a group of men, aU naked, with the exception of a * * '*« ifWCfW^»8!'??ffr5-'2''" ■^t U A\ ir f ! 82 HISTORY OF MINNESOTA. girdle round the loins, daubed with vermillion and other paints, aU excited, and engaged m some of their grotesque dances ; or a portion may be firing tl^eir guns into the air, being alarmed by some imaginary evil, aUd supposing that an enemy is lurkmg around. CHAPTER III. Dahkotah females deserve the sympathy of every tender heart. From ^arly childhood they lead « worse than *a dog's Ufe." Like the Gibeonites of old, they are the hewers of wood, and the drawers of water for the camp. On a wmter's day, a Dahkotah mother is often obliged to travel five or eight or ten miles with the lodge, camp-kettle, axe, child, and small dogs upon her back Arrivmg late in the afternoon at the appointed campmg-ground, she clears off the snow from the spot upon which she is to erect the t«6p56. She then, from the nearest marsh or grove, cuts down some poles about ten feet in length. With these she forms a frame work for the tent. Unstrapping her pack, she unfolds the tenlrcover, which is seven or eight buff"alo skins stitehed together, and brings the bottom paxi^ to the base of the frame. She now obtains a long pole, and fastening it to the skin covering, she raises it. The ends are drawn around the frame until they meet, and the edges of the covering ore secured by wooden skewers or tent pins. The poles are then spread out on the ground, so as to Bhe^desires. Then she, \" .r- :f 1 ii ■ THE HARDSHIPS OF DAHKOTAH FEMALES. 83 (ft her children, proceed to draw the skins down so as to make them fit tightly. An opening is left where the poles meet at the top, to allow the smoke to escape. The fire is huilt upon the ground iti the centre of the lodge. Buffalo skins are placed around, and from seven to fifteen lodge there through a winter's night, with far more comfort than a child of luxury upon a bed of down. Water is to be drawn and wood cut for the night. The camp-kettle is suspended, and preparations made for the evening meal. If her lord and master has not by this time arrived from the day's hunt, she is busied in mending up moccasins. Such is a scene which has been enacted by hundreds of females this very winter in Minnesota. . How few* of the gentle sex properly ap- preciate the everlasting obligations they are under to the Son of Mary, after the flesh, who was the first that taught the true sphere and the true mission of woman ! The Dahkotah wife is subject to all of the whims of her husband, and woe unto her when he is in bad humour ! As a consequence, the females of this nation are not possessed of very happy faces, and frequently resort to suicide to put an end to earthly troubles. Uncultivated, and made to do the labour of beasts, when they are desperate, they act more like infuriated brutes - than creatures of reason. Some years ago a lodge was pitehed at the iiiouth of the Si Croix. The ilife, fear^ ing her husban4 would demand the whiskey keg, when he came from hunting, hfd it. Upon his return, she refused to tell him where it was, and he flogged heir. In her rage, she went off and hung herself. At Oak Grove, a little girl, the pet of her grandmother, was whipped by her father. The old woman, sympathizing with the child, flew into a panion and' went off". At m ?"^-^f9^p' ■■■"■ i. ^ -g^ " HISTORY OF MINNESOTA. ^f +yip oT-andchild was heard, for she l"> f "rThfr "SndW" t-gi"g by a portage had discover^ ^^rf^i^^caffold. An aasiatant female Sert tht Sn Bchool, being attrac^ by the had flid On another occasion, at the *«ne place, a - w i^fnsed to give his mother some whiskey, and son-m-law refund to ^ scaffold, tied the h. a rage *« ^" ^„,ek, and wa« about to jump SX rZd'c^e up *; her and cut the str^^ Sffll she did not^reUnquish her intention of suicide. At I I hrcUmbed on to the scaffold and told her he wcdd r'^h^jTrC as she. Other females from the tolWe a little wffle longer. In this connexion, an Ldent may be told, which, for romantic mterest, can- "o he surp^sed. The girl, sin«, the occurren^^whih we substantially narrate as we find it m the Pioneer^ wUhout bemg responsible for every P"-*'?"!"' ^ Tame a pupil h. the Kev. Mr. Hancock's mission school at Remnica or Bed Wing ViUage. In the spring of 1850, a young girl, fourteen yearn of a™, shot another girl with whom she w«B 'PO'^f^^' The deceased was a daughter of a sullen man by 4e name 6f Bla* Whistle. The affrighted gn:l, after she fired the gun, fled to the trader's house, and was by him aided to make her escape down to Wapashaw s village^ While stopping at Ited Wing's village, «>°>e .^"""i"^ miles from the place where the deed was committed, the incensed father overtook her. His first plan was to . carry her home and sacrifice her at his daughter s buml ' scaffold; but, through the influence of some of the whitMu ho chnngod hin plmi, M>d reaolved to make hw THE DISGUISED GIEL.— WANT OF. LAW. 85 his slave or his wife^ For some time she endured what to her was a living ^ath, but on one night she suddenly ^ disappeared. Not many days after, there appeared at Good Road's village, a young Indian boy, stating that he was a Sisseton, and had just arrived from the plains. He was well received, no one dreaming that he was the Indian maid. While in this disguise, she went out one day to spear fish, when her husband and enemy, the revengeful father of the girl she had shot, met her, and inquired for her, and avowed his intention to kill her. She very cooU/assented to the justice of what he said, and left. At last, her real sex being suspected, she came down to Little Crow or Kaposia village. Here she passed herself off as a Winnebago orphan, which disguise succeeded for a time. But soon she was sus- pected, and was again obliged to seek safety in flight, and at last took up her residence at Red Wing's village, though for a long time no one knew what had become of her. It is an erroneous idea that chiefs have any authority. Popularity is the source of power, and they resort to measures which vie with those of the modem dema- gogue, to gain the ear of the people. They never express an opinion on any important point, until they /T have canvassed the band over which they preside, arid their opinions are always those of the majority. The Dahkotahs suffer much for want of law. The Individual who desires to improve his condition is not ottly iai^hed at, but maltreated. Moreover, if he ac- quires any property, there is no law which secures it to him, and it is liable to be taken away at any time by any ill-disposed person. Until ^is state of thinj^s is altered by the interpositic^ of the United States govern- ^3^'^*'^^'^^ ^w~' g(j . BISTORT OF MINNESOTA. ment, or the interposition of Pro^ddende in ^^^^ seen way, there is UtUe hope of elevating tbis t^. Their missionary wiU be forced to look upon this de^^ dation, and say, in view thereof, "My whole head\,s sick my whole heart faint." The superstitions and peculiarities of the Dahkotahs ■are so various that We can but barely glance at them. They count years by winters, and compute distances by the number of nights passed upon a journey; their months are'cqmputed by moons, and are as follows :— 1. \fi-TERi, Janmry; the hard moon. 2. 'WiCATA-wi, February; the raccoon moon. 3. IsTAWiCAYAZAN-wi, March; the sore-eye moon, 4! Magaokadi-wi, April; the mooni in which the geese lay eggs: also called Wokadarwi; And,' sometunes,' Watopapi-wi, the moon when the streams are again navigable. ^ ' ; 5. WOJUPI.WI, May ; the planting moon. 6. Wajustecasa-wi, Jw«e; the moon when'the strajv- berries are red. >. ^ 7. Canpasapa-wi; and Wasunpa-wi, July ; the moon when the chok^herries are^ ripe, and when the geese shed their feathers. 8. Wasuton-wi, August; the harvest moon. , 9.'PsiNHNAKETU-wi, September; the moon when rice is laid up to dry. 10. Wi-WAJUPi, October; the drying rice moon; some- times written Wazupi-wi. * ' ' 11. Takiytea-wi, iVbuemfter; the deer-rutting moon. 12. Tahecapsun-wi, D€cewi)er; the moon when the deer shed their homfr. ^^ | , . They believe that the moon is inade of something as good M green-cheese. The popular notion is that when *■ ■""^'- \ ■ RELIGIOUS BITES AND SUPERSTITIONS. 87 aeon; some- the moon is full, a great number of very small mice commence nibbling until they have ^aten it up. A new moon then begins to grow until it is full, then it is ^ devoured. ~ i i.- • Though almost every Dahkotah young man has his pocket mirror, a maid does not look at a looking-glass, for it is " wakan" or sacred. Almost everything that the man owns is wakan or sax^red, but nothing that the " woman possesses is so esteemed. If one has a toolhache, it is supposed to be caused by a woodpecker concealed within, or the gnawiiig of a worm. Coughs are occar sioned by the sacred men operating through the mediun} of the down of the goose, or the hair of the buffalo.- It is considered a sin to cut a stick that has once been ^ placed on the fire, or to prick a piece of meat with an awl or needle. It is wrong for a woman to smoke , through a black pipe-stem, and for a man to wear a • woman*s moccaams. Jt is also sinful to throw gun- powder on the fire. - ' - ' " This tribe of Indians! believe that an individual has several souls. Le Sueur said that they thou^ that they had three souls, but the saxjred men safThat a " Dahkotah has four souls. At death one of these re- mains with or near the body ; one in a bundle contain- ing some of the clothes and hair of the deceased, which the relatives preserve until they have an opportunity to throw them iiito the enemy's country; one goes into the spirit land ; and one passes into the body of adhild . or sopie ai^imal. * ' , ^ . . They have a fear of the future, but no fixed -belief in relation to the nature of future punishment. They are generally taciturn on such topics. The more simple- - minded believe that a happy land exists across alqfke ' ^ , .. . vh HI gg ^ISTORT^F MINNESOTA. of boiUng water, a»d. that an old woman sits on the shore hoidmg a long narrow pole, that stretches across, the water to the earth. Wairiors who can show marks of womidS on their flesh, can waUt' the pole witli security; also mfants, whose blue veins are a passport as good as war marks. Others sUp into the boiling water. ' /«* , v Their theology makes no difference between the con- dition of the thief and Uax and the correct and good man. Those who commit suicide are thought to be unhappy. They believe that a woman who commits suicide, will have to drag through another world that from Which, she hung herself m this,, and that she will often'Weak>wn the com in another land by the pole or tree which dangles at her feet, and for this will be severely bea4;en by the mhabitants of the spirit land. When any one dies, the nearest friend is very anxious . to go and kill an enemy. A father lost a qhild while the treaty of 1851 waa pending at Mendota, and he " longed to go and kiU an Ojibway. As soon qb an indi- vidual dies, the corpse is wrapped in its best clothes. Some one acquainted with the deceased then harangues the spirit on the virtues of the departed ; and the friends sit around wiSi their faces smeared with a black pig- ment, the signs of mourning. Their lamentations ai;e very loud, and they cut their thighs and legs with their finger nails or pieces of stone^ to give free vent, as' it would apj^ar, to their grief. The corpse is not ^ buried, but placed in a box upon .a scaffold some eight .or ten feet from the ground. Hung around the scaffold are such things as would pleaae the spirit if it wa^ still m the flesh— such as the scalp of an enemy or p^bts of food. After the corpBe hu been exposed f6r tome ■"■ —.■■ y ■'■' -^-i ..-..I-.— ■— ^f I .■■ ■!■,■■ ■.■I...1I. — _— ~-.— i-i — I..-. i«.. ^.i... ...11 ^^.—1 1.. ..I ,■.■■■———-..._.„-,■. I. . .„ ^ ..iC _ ■..„, ..... .., ,.-.,..^ SCHILLER'S POEM.— ^ULWER, HERSOHELL. 89 months, and t}ie bones only remain, they are Buried in a heap, and protected from thfe wolves by stakes. On the bluff, above the dilapidated cave which forms the eastern limit of Saint Paiil, there is, an ancient burial place. Here the Dahkotahs formerly brought ^ their dead, and performed solemn services. Carver, in his Travels, publishes the alleged speech over the remains of a Dahkotah brave — the reading of which so attracted the attention of the great German poet, Schiller, that he composed a poem called the ^Song of a Nadowessee Chief." Goethe considered it one of his best, " and wished^ he ha^ made a dozen such." ' ' Sir John Herschell and Sir E. L. Bulwer have ea<5h attempted a translation, both of which seem to convey the spirit^ of the origii;ial. SIB E. L. BULWIR's. See on hli mat — aa if of yort, All life-like Bits he b'ere I With that same aipeot which he wore When light to him was dear. But where the right hand's strength ? and where The breath that loTed to breathe, To the Great Spirit aloft hi air, ' The peace-pipe's lusty wreath f And Vhere tfie hai That wont the deer ] Along the waves of rippling graai, Or Holds that shone with dew 1 - Arq these the limber, bounding ibef Tlut swept the winter^ shows f ^What stateliest stag so fiist and fleet? . Their speed outstripped the roft'st These arms, that then Vka steady tew Oonld supple from its pride, How stark and helpless hang ttuf BOW ▲down the stUfened sidst ' < ^ SIR JOfiN HBRSCHZLL'S. ^e, where npon the mat, he sits Erect, before hik door, With Ju|t the same majestlo air That onoe In Ulb he wore. Bat where is fled his strength of limb^ The whirlwind of his breath, To the Oreat Spirit, when he sent The peaoe-plpe's mounting wreath? Where are those fUcon eyes, which late iCjong the plain eonld trace, Alfitag the grass's dewy wave. Hie reindeer's printed pace? Those legs, which once, with matchless speed, Flew through the drifted snow, Surpassed the stag's unwearied course, Outran the moantain roe? ThoM arms, onoe used with might and main, The stubborn bow to twang ? 8m,^ see, their nerves are slack at last) An BotlonlMW they hang. \';^ '%"^: ^S^ffE?^ > "I'Pf^^^ *. "> ' 1} 90 HISTORY OF MINNESOTA; . , SIR E. L. BULWEB S. ''*?.* Tet weal to him— at peace he staya < . Where never fcU the snowB ; Where o'er the meadows Bprlngs the maixe That mortal never sows. Where bird^ are blithe on every brake- Where forcste teem with deer^ - Where glide the fish through every lake- One chase frqjn year to yearl Witti spirits now he feaste above ; ; All left us— to revere The deeds we lionour with our love, The dust we bury here. Here bring the last gift I lond and ahrUl Wail, death dirge for the brave 1, What pleased hhn moal in Ufe may sUU Give pleasure in the grave. ^e lay tbe-feK^beneatJi hU head ^e swung wheff«^ngth waa strong— The bear on which his banquets fed- The way from earth is longi y" And here, new sharped, plaee the knife That severed fronj the clay, From which the axe had spoUed the lift, •the conquered scalp away I ^ The paints that deck the dead beatow— Yes, place thenjln his hand- That red thy kingfj^ade may glow Amid the spirit-land. lis %ell 4uh Mm, for he is gone Where, sn'ow^no more is found, Where thrgay thorn's perpetual bloom Decks all t&e field around; Where wild birds sing from every spray, Whepe deer come sweeping by. Where fish from every lake, afford A plentiful supply. With apirits now he feasts above, And leaves us here ^one. To celebrate bis valiaiit deeds, . " And round his g^ve to moan. Sound the death-song, brin^forth the gifts, The last gi^to of the dead,— ..Let all. which yet may yield him Joy Within hU grave be laid. The hatchet plaee beneath his head, Still r«d with hostile blood ; ' And add, because the way is long, The bear's &t limbs for fbod. The Malpingknife beside him lay, With paints of gorgeous dye, . That In the land of aoula his form Uay shine trlumpluntly. Theiegends of the Dahkotahs are numerous, and while many are puerile, a few are beautiful. EaglEtEye, the son of a great war prophet, who lived more than one hundred years ago, was distinguished for bravery., Fleet, athletic, symmfetrical, a bitter foe and warm friend, he was a model Dahkotah. In the ardour of his youth, his aflfections were given to one who was also attractive, named Scarlet Dove. v A few n^oons after she had become an inmate of his lodge, they descended the Mississippi, with a huntmg party, and proceeded east of Lake Pepin. ] " SCARLET DOVE.— ANPETUSAPA. 91 ELL'S. 8 gone found, petvial bloom i; a eTery ipray, ngby, e, afford abore, ». «d», . '> moan. ' ne^forth the glfU, 1,- id him Joy 1. I his head, x>d; is long, Ibod. him lay, I dye, hiaform ly. lerous, and t, who lived iguished for ter foe and I the ardour ine who was mate of his 1 a hunting One day, while Eagle-Eye was hid behind some bushes, watching for deer, the arrow of a comrade found its way through the coVert, into his heart. With only time to lisp the name Scarlet Dove, he expired. For a few days the widow mourned and cut her flesh, and then, with the silence of woe, wrapping her beloved in skins, «he. placed him on a temporary burial scaffold, and sat beneath. vWhen the hunting party moved, she carried on her oym back th^ dead body of Eagle-Eye. At every en campmej^t she laid the body up in the manner abeady mentioned, and sat* down to watch it and mourn. When she had reached the Minnesota river, a dis- tance of more than a hundred miles. Scarlet Dove brought forks and poles from the woods, and erected a per^ianent scaffdd on that beautiful hill opposite the site of Fort SneHing, in the rear of the little town of Mendola, which is known by the name of Pilot KnoK Having adjusted the remains of the unfortunate object of her love upon this elevation, with the strap by which she had carried her precious burden, Scarlet Dove hung herself to the scaffold and died. Her highest hope was to meet the beloved spurit of her Eagk-Eye, in the world of spirits.^ Many years before the eye of the white man gaaed on the beautiful landscape around the Falls of Saint Anthony, a scene was enacted there of which this is the melancholy story : — Anpetusapa was the first love of a Dahkotah hunter. For a period they dwelt in happiness, and she proved herself a true wife. ^ For (his legend we are indebted to BeT. 0. H. Pond. r 3RSByi«^i'5jy^«5'^'^», ' ,'» i I 92 HIS!rORY OF MINNESOTA. ;■;- « Tf^ith knife of bone she cajrved her food, . . - ^ Fuel, with axe of stone procured— Could fire extract, from flint or wood ; To rudest savage life inured. ■J "In kettle frail of birchen bark. She boiled her food with heated stones ; The slippery fish from coTerfs dark She drew with hobked bones." But her heart was at length clouded. The husband, in accordance with the custom of his nation, introduced a second wife within the tSgpSS, and the first wife's eyes began to grow sad, and her form fix)m day to day drooped. Her clnef joy Was io clasp the httle boy, who was the embodiment of hopes and happiness fled for ever. Faithful d^id unmurmuring, she followed her husbjtod on his hunts. One day the band encamped on the picturesque shores near the Falls of Saint Anthony. With tearless eye, and nerved by .topair^i^^ with her Uffi son" waik^ to the rapid waters. Enter- ing a canoe, she pushed into the swift current, and the chanting of her death dirge arrested the attention of her husband and the camp in time to see the canoe on the bank, and plunge into the dashing wave^. The Dahkotahs say, that m the mist of the morning, the sphit of an Indian wife, with a child clinging around her neck, is seen.darting in a canoe through the spray, and that the sound of her death-song is heard moaning in the winds, and in the roar of tiie waters. On the eastern shore of Lake Pepin, about twelve miles from its mouth, there stands a bluff which attracts attention by its boldness. It is about four hundred a^ fifty feet in height, the last hundred of which is a bald, precipitous crag. It is seen at a distance of miles ;V and jrii{(l^^iii.^\ % ^SnlU ^h \^'t^k,j-,iM 1 MAIDEN'S BOOK OF THE DAHKOTAHS. 93 as the steamer approaches, the emergence of passengers to the upper deck, and the pointing of the finger of the captain, or some one famiUar with the country, evinces that it is an interesting locality— it is the Maiden* Rock of the Dahkot^-hs. , ^ . The first version of the story, in connection with this bluff, differs from those more modem, but is preferable. In the days of the great chief Wapashaw, there Hved at the village of Keoxa, which stood on the site of the town which now bears her name, a maiden with- a lov- ing soul She was the firsi^bom daughter^ and, as is always the case in a Dahkotah family, fhe bore the name of Ween5nah. A young hunter of the same band, was never happier than when he played the flute in her hearing. Having thus signified his affection, it was with the whole, heart reciprocated. The. youth beggfed from-hia iriends all that he could, and went to her parents, as is the custom, to purchase her for his- wife, but his proposals were rejected. A warrior, who had often been on the war path, whose head-dress plainly told the number of scalps he had wrenched from Ojibway heads, had also been to the parents, and they thought that she would be more honoured as an innftite of his teepee. WSeriOnah, however, could not forget her first love ; and, though he had been forced awa/, his absence strengthened her affections. Neither the attentions of the warrior, nor the threats of parents, nor the persua- sions of friends, could make her consent to marry simply for position. One day the Band came to Lake Pepin to fish br hunt. The^dark green foliage, the velvet sward, the beautiful expanse of water, the shady nooks, made it a y '■'•.S^^ji^J'F'? is ' 94 HISTORY OF MINNESOTA. plaxje to utter the breathings of W^The warrior sought her once more, and begged her t6 laccede to her parents' wish, and become his wife, but she Wused with decision. i , \ , , j While the party were feasting, WSenoijiah >clambered to the lofty bluff, and then told to thpse who were below, how crushed she had been by the 'absence of tl^ young hunter, and the cruelty of her fHends. Then chanting a wild death-song, before the deetest runner could reach the height, she dashed hersblf down, and that form of beauty was in a moment a niass of broken limbs and bruised flesh. ^ , i The Dahkotah, as he passes the. rock, feels that the spot is Wawkawn. ^ | The Dahkotahs call the St. Croix ^ver, Hogan- wankesrkin. The legend is that in the |distant past, two Dahkotah warriors were travelling onj the shores of Lake St. Croix, one of whom was under p, vow to one of his gods not to eat any flesh which | had touched water. . Gnawed by hunger, the two perceived, as they supposed, a raccoon, and pursued it to al hollow tree. On looking- in, the one who could not eat flesh tha;t had touched water, saw that the animal was a ^sh and not a quadruped. Turning to his companion, he agreed to throw it to the ground if he wa^ not u|rged to eat. Hunger, however, was imperious, and foi^ced him to break his vow and partake of the broiled fi^h. / After the meal, thirst usurped the placi of hunger. He called for water to t»ol his parched tiongue, until the strength of his companion failed, and l^e was then told to lie down by the lake and drink ti|l his thirst was quenched. Complying with the advic0, he drank and drank, till at last he criedjg his friend, /* come and LANGUAGE AND LEXICON. 95 look at me." The sight caused the knees of his comrade to smite together with fear, for he was fast turnmg to a fish At length, he stretehed himself across the Lake, and formed what is called Pike Bar. This, tradition says, is the origin of the sand-bar in the Lake, which is so conspicuous at low stage of water. Having full faith in the legend, to this day they call the river, which is part of the boundary between Wis- consm and Minnesota, " the place where the fish LIES." (Hogan-wanke-kin.) ^ The Dahkotahs, froiii the Minnesota to the plams beyond the Missouri, speak essentially the same lan- guage. Though difficult to acquire, it is allied to that of the Ottoes, Winnebagoes, Toways, and Omahaws.' After ten years' close study by an observing mis- sionary, he was obliged to. confess that he had not mastered it, which admission forms quit# a contrast to. the vaunting statement of Jonathan Carver, who ^vintered in Minnesota in 1767. He remarks: "To render my stay as comfortable as possible, I first endear voured to learn their language. This I soon did, to make myself perfectly intelligible." Hennepin made the first effort to collect^ vocabulary of thS^ language, while he was a captive on Rum river, or Mille Lacs. His description of the attempt is very quaint : " Hunger pressed jme to commence the forma- tion of a vocabulary of their language, learned, from * The ancient Arkansas seem to have belonged to the Dahkotah family. A letter published in Kip's Jesuit Mission, written by' a 'mis- sionary at the mouth of the Arkan- sas, in October, 1727, speaks of " a river which the Indiana o«U Ni ska (Minne ska) or White Water." Again : " They place the hand'upon the mouth, w^ich is a^ign of admi- ration among thejn." Ouaka^ taguo they cry out, " it is the Great Spirit." They said .probably, Wakan de, This is wonderful. t ''^^ 96 HISTOBr OP MINNESOTA. ir**' f-! the prattle of their children. When once I had learned ' the word Taketchiabein, which means * How call you this?' I began to be soon able to talk of such things as are most familiar. For want of an interpreter this difficulty was hard to surmount at first. For example, if I had a desire to know what to run was in tEeir tongue, I was forced to increase my speed, and Actually run from one end of the lodge to the other, until they understood what I meant and had told me the word, which i presently set down i|i my Dictionary." The first 'printed vocabulary is that appended to Carver's Travels, which is exceedingly incorrect, though, it contains many Dahkotah words. The Smithsonian Institution have pubUshed, under the patronage of the Historical Sbciety of Minnesota, a quarto Grammar and Dictionary of this language, which will be gazed upon • with interest by the "wise men of the East" long after the Dahkotah dialect has ceased to be spoken. This work is the fruit of eighteen years of anxious toil among this people, and is the combined work of the. members of the Dahkotah Presbytery, edited by the Rev. S. R. Riggs, of Lac qui Parle; and should be pre- served in the library of every professional man and lover of letters in Minnesota. ' , The vocabulary is, of course, meagre, compared with '\ that of the civilized European ; for living, as they have until of late, far away from any but those of like habits and modes of thought, they are defective in many words which have their place in the dictionary of a Christian people. Accustomed to cut poles from ?* forest and spread buffalo skins thereon, under which they pass the night, and then decamp early the next day in quest of game or the scalp of i^ enemy, they have no word which -.4.'; . ...jtH-itfj... . a .^UP. i-uM-'isi-" »v'»siL*li«t DAHKOTAH ALPHABET. 97 -^ - expresses ihe comfortable idea of our noble Saxon word " home." ^ Still, in the language of a missionary, " it is in some of its aspects to be regarded as a noble lan- guage, fully adequate to all the felt wants of a nation, and capable of being enlarged, cultivated, and enriched, by the introduction of 'foreign stores of thought. Nothmg ' can be found anywhere more full and flexible than the Dahkotah verb. The affixes, and redupUcations, and pronouns, ancf prepositions, all come in to make it of such a stately pile of thought as is to my knowledge found nowhere else. 4 single paradigm presents more than a thousand variations." ^ THE DAHKOTAH ALPHABET. NAXI A ab, B be, 0 obe, D de, E a, Bounds as d in far. - •• 6, in but.', ' «• cA in cbeat. " •• . d' in deed. " 9 in say. G ge, low guttural. H ie, Boands as A ' in hel I e, " e in see. J je, *^ «t in hosier. K ke, " * in key., M me, " m in me. N ne, " n in neat NAMK. 0 0, sounds as o -in go. P pe, " !p in pea- Q qe, indescribable. R re, high guttural. S se, sounds as « in sea. T te, " t in teA. U 00, *^ 00 in noon. W Wj, ," • to jp we. X sbie, •" ah in sheet. T^ye, " y in yeast. % ze, '" « in seta. The vowels represent each but one sound. Q repw?- sents a low guttural or gurgling sound. B represents a rough hawking sound, higher than that of ^r. Besides 4 their simple sounds, c, h, p, s, t, and a, have each a close * compound sound, which cannot be learned except from' a living teacher. They MPe printed in italics when ^ey represent these sounds, except k, which is never italiciWd for this purpose j but g is used instead of it. The last- 7 • ' ° ^ n i '~i^.Ml^S^Hi. « , I ~) '!?«?M-TB*^^-^s^??'* rAi^VT^>-K^''^^p^ i»8 HISTORY OF MINNESOTA. \ named letter might as weU, perhaps, be expunged from the Dahkotah alphabet, and k held responsible for the performance of this service. When n foUows a vowel at the end of a syllable, except in contracted words, with very few exceptions, it is not full, but sounds like n in tinkle^ ankle. It was mtended that the Dahkotah orthography should be strictly phonetic, and it fails but little o^ being so. To learn the names of the letters is to learn to read it, and no English scholar need spend more than a ^^w^^ or even a few moments, in learning to retui thefSBmo- tah language.* ^Q.R.Vond,in "IhwaxUkuKin." CARTIER.— CHAMPLAIN. 9^ r CHAPTER IV. ^ More than three centuriesligo, an enterprising naval ofi&cer, Jacques Cartier, discovered the mouth of the great river of North America, that empties into the Atlantic, and whose extreme head waters _ are in the interior of Minnesota, within an hour's walk of a tribu- tary of the Mississippi. Having erecfed, in the vicinity of Quebec, a rude fort, m 1541, more than a half century before the settlement of Jamestown, in Virginia, from that time the river Saint Lawrence became known to the bold mariners of France, and there was an increasing desure to explore its sources. In the year 1608, Champlain selected the site in the vicinity of Cartier's post as the future capital of New France. iBuming to plant i colony in the New World, he, with great aasiduity, explored the country. In 1609 he' ascended a tributary of the Samt Lawrence, till he came to the beautiful lake in New York, which, to this day, bears his name. After several visits to France, in 1615 he is found, with unabated zeal^ accompanying a band of savages to their distant hunting-grounds, and discovering the waters of Lake Huron. ^^" ' ■.-:Ji. V 100 HISTOIIY OF MINNESOTA. J; Befoi^ the emigrants of the " May Flower" trod on New England soil, and while Massachusetts was an unknown country to the geographers .of Europe, he had gained an inkling of the Mediterranelui of America, Lake Superior. Ih,a map accompanying the journal of his dis- coveries, this lake appears as " Grand Lac," and a great , river is marked flowing from the lake toward the south, intended to represent the Missistsippi, as described by the Indians, who, , from, the earliest period, had been accustomed, by slight portages, to pass from the waters of Lake Superior into those of the " grahd" river which flows into the Gulf of Mexico. \ About the time that Champlain returned irom his expedition i^ the Huron country, there arrived in Canada a youth from France of more than ordinary promise, who, by his aptness in the acquisition of tl;ie Lidian dialects, became interpreter and commissary of the colony. % ^Determined ta press beyond others, he, in 1639, arrived at the lake of the Winnebagoes, in the present stftte of Wisconsin, which had been descri^bed by Cham- plain, though erroneously located on the map accom- panying his narrative.- . / . • n^ While in this region he concluded a friendly alliaiioe with the Indians 'in the valley of the Fox river j Paul le Jeune, in a letter to his superior, Vimont, wrijjten in the month"*of September, 1640^ alludes to Nicolet, and is also the first writer who makes distinct mention of the Dahkotahs. Speaking of th« tribes on. Lake Michigan, the father remarks :-^ • " • « Still further on, dwell the Ouinipegou (Winnebago),' a. sedentary people and very numerous. Some French- m»m no^ll iham iha < Nwilmi nf SfmkftrH.' bftcauBe the .i^f. .&z«si. '^y^^ TRADERS PIONEERS FOR THE PRIESTS. 101 Algonquin word Ouinipeg signifies stinking water. They thus designate' the water of the sea, and these people call themselves Ouinipegou, because they come. Trom the shores of a sea, of which we have no ' knowledge, and therefore we must not call- them the nation of ' Stinkers,' but the nation of the sea. ^ ; .' "In the neighbourhood of this nation are the Nadou- essi (Dahkotahs), and, the Assinipouars ( Assinitoines) . • * * * * I will say, by the W-ay, that the Sieur Nicolet, interpreter of the A^onqum and Huron lan- guages for * Messieurs de la Nowvelle France,' has given me the nariies of these nations, whom he has visited, for th& most part, in t^eir own countries." Two yeara elapse, and, in 1641, JogueS and.Raym- bg,iilt, of the "Socidty of Jesus," after, a journey of flevetiteen days, in fri^ tarks, over tempestuous waters, arrive" at the bArieP of rocks at the entriance of Lake ' Superior; and then, at Sault St. Marie, met the Potto- wattemied, flying fi^)m the Dahkotahs, pd were told that the letter ^hved to the west of tl^e Falte, about eighteen day6' journey, the first nine axjross the lake, the other up a river which leads inland, referring, pro- bably, to the strealm which interlocks with the head >vater8 of the river Saint Croix. 0 • Wq would hot)detract from the zeal X>^ the man of Gad, but it is a^tthat those in the service of ma-m- ' mOft h^ve e^ outrun those in the service of .Christr The ,"in8abra fames, auri," the unholy thirst for gold, has always^ma^e the trader the pioneef^ ofli th^ mis- in the same manner that swallows build their , nests ; n6r ^ould they sleep less sweetly beneath these Bkin»,^or tinder this clay, than the great on,es of earth beneath their golden canopies, was it not for the teax.ot the Iroquois, who come here in search of them from a distance of five or six hundred leagues." ^ On the early French maps of Lake Superior, a tl^ibu- tary from Minnesota i^ called the River. Groselher. a It 1 Groseilier was a native of Tou- raine, and married Helen, daughter (K Abraham Martin, King's Pilot, ^ho baB left his name to the cele- brated plains of Abraham, near Quebec. Returning by Lake Supe- rior, he offered to carry French ships to Hudson's Bay. Rejected by the court, he crossed over to England, vrhere his offers were accepted. With v: 104 HISTORY OP MINNESOTA. ^0 appears to "have been named after a French' pilot who, about thi» time, roajned into the Assinibome country, in the region of I• :/ M «- i^fv^^ M" ^-^y^ ■w'v%^i«^ r",/,' jjijBv.-;; MENAED AT LAKE 8UPEBI0E. 105 I to^ching in its simplicity, and which wiU be emhahned in the literature of the future dwellers on the shores ot • Lake Superior. , Early on the morning of the 28th of August, 1660, he, in company with eight Frenchmen, departed with the Ottawa convoy from " Three Rivers." After much ridicule from the wild, companions of l^is voyage he arrived at a bay on Lake Superior, on .the 15th ot October, St. Theresa's Jay, on which account he so designated the sheet of water. . . j. .v.- During the following winter they remained at thiB point Their supply of provisions being exhausted, they nearly starved. " At times they scraped up a mess of the ' tripe de roche/ which slightly thickened their water, f6aming upon it a kind of foam or sjime, similar to that of snails, and which served rather to nourish their imagination than then" bodies :" at other times they loads with his cross. Let your friendship, my good father, he use- ful to me by the desirable fruits of youV daily sacrifice. In three or . four months, you may remember me at the memento for the dead, on Ac- count of my" old age, my weak con- stitution, anfi the hardships I lay under amongst these tribes. J?ever- theless, I am in peace, foi^ have not been led to this mission' by any temporal motive, but I think it *was by the voice of God. I vrad afrftid, by not coming here, to resist tlje grace of God. Eternal remorse would have tormented me, had I not come when I had the opportunity. We " From the Three Rivers; this Y' 27th August, 2 o'clock V • after midniglit, 1660. j have been a little surprised, not W ing able to provide ourselves with vestments and other things : but he . who feeds the little birds and clothes the Idies of the pelds, will take care of his servants ; and though it should happen we should die with want, we ^^ would esteem ourselves happy. I am loaded witH affairs. What I can do is to recommend our journey to your daily sacrifices, and to embrace , you with the same sentiments of heart, as I hope to do in etiTnity. My rev|rend father, your most humble and affectionate servwit i» Jesus Christ, \ R. M«NABD. T 'S^^' 106 HISTORY OP MINNESOTA. . subsisted on pounded fish-bones and adorns. When the vernal breezes began fo blow, ducks; geese, and wUd pigeons made their appearance, and their bodies strengthened. The refugee Hurons, at La Pointe, hearing that a "black gown" was on the shores of the lake, invited- him to visit them. Menard appointed three young Frenchmen to act as pioneers, and reconnoitre the country and make presents. On their journey their canoe was stolen, and after many difficulties they returned. Their report was discouraging, but did not deter the aged enthusiast. His last written sentences, penned m July, 1661, are:— " I hear every day four populous nations spoken oi, that are distant from here about two or three hundred leagues. I expect to die on ihy way to them ; but as X am so far advanced, and m health, I shall do all that is possible to reach them. The route, most of the way, lies across swamps, through which it is necessary to me\ your way in passing, and to be in danger every moment -of sinking too deep to extricate yourself; provisions which can only be obtained by carrying them with you, find the mosquitoes, whose numbers are frightful, are the three great obstacles which render it difficult for me to obtain a companion." , * :•> Some Hurons having come to treat with the Ojibways, agreed to act as guides. Selecting John Guerm, a faith- ful man, as his companion, he started, with some dried fish and smoked meat for provisions. The Indians, full of caprice, soon moved off, and left the priest and his friend in an unknown country. Bruised inlimb,iand fiinf. in body, on the 10th of August, Menard^ ^Vhile $ ) f.- f^f^^-'^^'inj'^' DISAPPEARANCE OF MENARD. 107 following his companion, lost himself by mistaking the trail. • , . . ^ The agony of Guerin is great when he looks behmd and beholds not the aged traveller. He calls at the top of his voice, but he only hears, the echo. He fires his gun repeatedly, to lead him to the right path; at last he wanders to a Huron village, and, by gestures and tears, and the promise of reward, induced a youth to go ^ in search. He soon returned, weary; and from that day there have been no tie^es of his body. A century ago, the report was current in Canada, that, some years after his disappearance, his robe and prayer book were found in a Dahkotah lodge, and were looked upon as " wawkawn" or supernatural. In the summer of 1663 the mournful intelligence of the loss of Menard reached Quebec, and one was soon found to be his successor— Father Claude Albuez, who anxiously awaited the means of conveyance m his scene of labour. In the year 1665 g/ hundred canoes, laden with Indians and peltries, arrived at Montreal from Lake Superior. A Frenchman, who accompanied them, reported that the Outaouaks (Ojibways) were attacked on one side by the Iroquois, and on the other by the Nadouessioux (Dahkotahs), a warlike people, who carry on cruel wars with nations still more distant. Allouez rejoiced at the sight of the frail barks, and greeted the besmeared savages as if they were visitants from a better land. In a letter written at the time, his full heart thus speal^s : " At last it has pleased God to send us the angels of the Upper Algonquins to conduct us to their country." On the 8th of August, 1665, with six Frenchmen t / m ,^-? :r^ ■ •^ I. ^,i^ \'} * -/ I --so ' jS- I'f."^ *, ■ ■ --yy- 1 I. u' '*'-'.*.f5l ■■^■ ^.■'yi ■\:.:. "PF J" ALLOUBZ AT LA POINTE 109„ * " Louis XIV. and his viceroy, he commanded peace, and. ofifered commerce and alliance against the Iro(jpis-r- the soldiers of France wpuld smooth the path between the Chippewas and Quebec^would brush the pirate '' ^noes from the rivers^would leave tx) the ri|.e Nations . il* choice, but between tr^^nquiUity and destruction. On ^'^ab shore^bf the bay to whichfthe abundant fisheries at- ; nra^ted crowds, a chapel so(#rose, and the nnssion of the Holy Spirit wa^ founded. There admiring throngs, who; had never seen an Europe^, came to gaze on the whito . man, ^d on the picture^ which he displayed of the . realms of hell, and of the last judgment. There a choir Of ChippewaB were taught to chant thepator and. „ the ave * * * * The Sacs .and Foxes traveUed ' on fbc4 from their country, which abounded in^,, beaver, and buffalo. ThellUnois also, a hospitat^e ra^e, unaccustomed to canoesr^ving no weapon but the bowjjj^ arrow, came to reheaiiSi their sorrows. « « *^^« ♦ ♦ Curios/ty was, roused by theff tale of the noble river on which theydwelt, and which flowed toward the south. Then, too, at Ijie very extr^ mity of the lake, the missionary inet the wild and impaBsioned Sioux, who dwelt to the west of Lake Superior, m a land of prairies, with wild nee for food,, and skins of beaflte instead of baj^k for roofs to their cabmS, on the bank of the great river, of trhich Allouez . reported thfe name^to be Messipi." i ^ . - • White ^on ail excursion to Lake Alempigon (bamt ' Anne), he '^tiit Fond du Lac, in Minnesota, some Dahkotah watriors; andj m describing them, he is ^e first to gi^^ the name of the! great river of which th^ IncQans h^ix)ld so many wonderful stories^ . ; _ '/it % •■'J: 1**3 110 HISTORY OF MINNESOTA. 4 f : In the relations of the mission of the Holy Spirit, th^ following ren^arks are made of the Dahkotahs :*-»■ " This is a tribe that d^ii^ells to the w^dt Of this (iFoiid du Lao), toward the great river called Messipi. They are forty or fifty leagues from here, in a country of ^prairies, aboundig in all kinds of game. They have fields in which they do not sow Indian com, btft only tobacco. Providence has provided them with a species of marsh rice, which, toward the end of ^ummea-, they go to collect in certain small lakes that are covered with it. They know how to prepare it so well that it is ^ite agreeable to the taste and nutritive. They pre- sented me with some when I was at the extremity of Lake Tracy (Superior), whera'I saw them. They do not use the gun, but oiily the bow and arrow, which they use with great dexterity. Their cabins are not covered with bark, but with deerskins well dried, and stitched together so well that the cold does not enter. These people are, above all other, savage and warlike. In our presence the^ seemed abashed, and were motion- • less as statues. Th^ spf^k a language entirely unknown to us, and the savages^ about her^do not understand them." - ■ *')■' ^ ■ _ / y- ' After two years passed am(Sng the Algonquins at La Points and vicinity/ Allouez was convinced that his mission would not prosper, unless he had some "assist- ance. He determined to. go in person to Quebec, aud implore labourers for th^ field. Arriving there on the 3d day of August 1667, he ^rked night and day ; and, after two days, the bow of his canoe wa» again turned towards the far West. His party consisted fii flrsfof Father Louis Nicholas, and another Jesuit, with four ^ labourers; bui, wlyn they came to the canoeB. the % N :#. • / ">.^'"«?<^-»-, ^i=^ TTJ ■^- ■< 1 ^ -!■?- MARQUETTE'S DESCEIPTION OF DAHKOTAHS. Ill < whimsical savages opily alloVed AUouez, Nicholas, tmd. one of their men, to ente^. #^t, notwithstanding the help obtained, the savage hearts could not be subdued ; and « weaty of their obstiniateunbelief,r>e resolved to leave La Po&te. ^ On the 13th of September, 1669, the renowned Marquette took his plax;e ; and, writing to his Superior, describes the Dahkotahs in these words :—^ « The Nadouessi are the Iroquois of this country, be- yond La Pointe, but less faithless, and never attack till attacked _ • — "They Ue Bouth-west of the mission of the Holy Spirit, aad. we have not yet visited theih, having con- fined ourselves to the cMiversion of the Ottawas. " Their language is entirely different from the Huron and Algonquin; they have many villages, hut axe widely scattered; they have Very extraordmaiy cus- toms; they principally use the calumet; they do not speak at great feasts, and when a stra^^r arrives give him to eat of a wooden fork, as we would a child. . « AU the lake tribes mate war on them, but with sm\u suc^ss. They have false oats (wild rice), u»e little canoes, and keep their word strictly. I sent them a present by an interpreter, to t*U them to recog- nise the Frenchman everywhere, and net t\* %• «(►* tKi^k **«?'■: 1U\ I HISTOJil OF*MnmESOTA. : ' , about the forty-sixth degree of latitude shapd their country with their new alUes. Durwg_the,^ter the Oiibways hunted, and in. the ppnng they returned to rioL of Lake Superior. Whfle m the land pf 4e Dahkotahs, they t«>k care not to f «* f«"^ "> ^^"^ wars; lest they should -be embroded with surrounding nations.* p . «\i. . ^ » Perrot in La Pothene. 'V -A / • ♦ r ■ €* ■•' A » •#- fc^j - '-^ -a^fj^s^mf:?^^ r p.x«''' ' j,/. liijS^^ • *"'''■ .■,■;'■■ .a H \ \ ' I ' THE FUR TRADK tieir the H' V '( ■ ■<^' ' ' ''• i to ■ .. ' . - ■ . ■ ■ ;i . ^ ihe I • * ' . heir, ^^B • ding ^B ? / ', 115 f ^ CHAPTER V. . i' W The trade in furs haa produced a class of men of marked peculiarities. Under the' French dominion, military officers, and the descendants of a decayed nobility, "were licensed, by authority, to trade in a particular district. These men were weU educated, polished in their manners, and fond of control. Living in a lavage land, surrounded by a few dependents, they, acfed as monarchs of aU they^ surveyed. ,,.The freedom from t>e restramts of civilized life, and t^he adulation received from the barbarians, who are so easily, im-- pressed by ti|^^4ind glare, had a wonderful fascinar \ tion, ,80 th^t ^^odge in some vast wilderness" became preferable to the dra"wing^ro6ms of ancient France, and the gay .assemblies of Quebec, . r^ * ' These licensed officers tid not harass themselves^th^ the rmxJ^ of th.e India^gde. .In their employ afew c«s, chiefly na:^ of C^% who hi ^ ceived the rudin^eyits ' of fsi 4^^^^' ^W^^^ \ devolved the task of conduet^^urop^an '^^^ ^ \merchandise, to the tribes on the various wal^u^t yiiat radiated fix)m the centre of trade^ with whom they ^yrintered, and then returned in the spring or summer . with the peltri^ that had been obtained in |^,Ange^ ' for powder, leall^ rum, and tobacco. f'. M :JM^ f ,• c -^ ,^ t ■»**> .f(tlio from their ^'^ t' ^MLk.W lei #f oviaiE, ^^'fed who acted as earnest ^wt%i&^^»w'?"riP|^|^ -..Mercurial &#mrtl®»:«^ ^^ «®^^® llheir habits appra^tnating to the savage, raiher than ' tiie KUropeaai. ^^;y.. • - , , j - a .The labours oShe day finished, they danced^ around the cample to % sound of the viol, or ttiey ^urch^ed Hhe virtue of sd% Indian maiden, and engaged .m debauch as disguslig a^ that of sailors sc^ourmng in ' theislesofthevSou^Sea,or ^ i * » . ' ' , - " Worn with m long day's march, and the chase " Of the deer, send the bison, • ^ ^ " • ' Stretched themselves on the grovnd and slept. -^ ■ , , "W^here the quivering fire-light ' , . Flashed on their swarlhy cheeks, an4 their Forms wrapped up in their blankets."^ . ■ " ■■ ">■ .■ ,. '.' - ' ■' ■■ " .• Inured to toil, they arose in the morning "when it . was yet dark," and pushing the prow of their Ught canies.into the water, swiftly they glided away "Uke the shade of a.oloud on the prairie^" and did not break fast ui^til the suj^ been abQve the horizon for several fciPP' / hours'.. Haltin ^farcj and they pursu the buffalo, From early ascend bfby b jrt 'period tjhey partook of iheir coaaree leit rude songs; tjien re-embarMttg» course to the land of the beaver and ," shades of night began to fall.**,. accustomed to descend ra^ds, and ^ith heavy burdens, 'theiisia^iied ' BTangeline. 1 S;^iv •4b. t:: '.r^/. ,^-p;^ ?t -va -rw, ^tl"??^ jl^><»6jS^^'«|V-i^'-'V «,-*!^'-i •/■^^"' ', HABITS OF. THE VOTAGEURS. W their carioes, an* carried their packs .through places " that would have been impassable to. any but the " cou- reurs dea^bois.- When old a^e -Relaxed their sinewy iointe, they returned to Mackinaw, or some other- entrep&t, and With an Indian wom^^ obtained, after the manner of the country, to riiend their moppasin? and hoe their gardens, passed the remamder of hfe m whiffing the pipe and recounting hair-bteadth escapes. . The " bois brul4"' bflfspring naturally became enam- ouredWti the Trover's Kfe, a retrospect o^yhifeh infused ' ■ fire into l&e dim eyes of the old man, and as soon as employmfeit could be obtained they left the homestead to follow i^ the footsteps of their ancestors. . «^* Thevoyigeur seldom remains in a settled country. As clvUifcatV advanes bois^' had. ventured, into the distant North-West. >he absence of so many rfrom regular pursuits, was sUposed to be disastrous to the mteijests of the colony, ind measures were taken by. the French government to Ump^l them to return, wKich resulted « in only partial ijcpess. • ^ ' • j i. /- Dvi Chesneau Intendant of Canada, ^as worried by • ihe^awlksnesB^the K)vers, and writes to the Mimster ofMarine' and. Oplopes of France:-— , '" ■ iL^ledl^pf^Mey wandered wood." applied to half^bVeeds be- \ .. ^ ^ m "I 113 ; HISTORY OP MINNBSOIA. "Be pleaded to bear in mind, my lord, that there was a geWS complamt, the year previous to my arrival m this country, that the great quantity of people who went to trade for peltries to the Indian country, rumed the colony, because those who alone could improve it^ being young and strong for work, abandoned their wives and children, the cultivation of lands, and rear- ing of ^tle ; that they became dissipated ; that their ab°sencrg^ rise to licentiousness among their wives, " as hasVten been the case, and is stiU of daily occur- rence- that they accustomed themselves t» a loafing and vagabond Hfe, which it was beyond their power to quit; that they derived little^nefit from their labours, because they vfere induced to waste in drunkenness and fine clothes 4e little they earned, which was very trifling, those who g#fe them Hcenses havmg the larger part, besides the price of the goods, ,which. they sold then^ry clear, and that the Indians would no longer ' 'brin^them peltries in such abundance to sell to the honest people, if so greU a number of young men went in search of them to those very barbarians, who despise^ us on account of the great cupidity we manifested." y At one period, thr^-fourths oflthe revenue of Canada was derived from theifur trade. ' / Only twenty-five licenses were gran^ ^h and when a "^r gentltftnan" dr. "old officer" ,d^po|i wish to gQ West, he disposed of his jjermit, whSi/^as r valued at six hundred crowlinvto the merchants of Quebec or Montreal. Each Ucense allowed t|B pos- sessor to send two canoea into the Indian countr^ Six " voyageurs" were employed for the canoes, and were ', furnished with goods valued at one thousand crowns, itiQa.of ^ftmr\ per rftiitu:^be loPjeM^^ s C A'^a^''^M&i PROFITS OF FUR TRADE.— PERROT. 119 risk were great, but when a venture was successful the profits were enormous. ,, ^ t The two canoes sometimes brought to Montreal ' beautiful furs valued at eight thousand crowns. Tho merchants received from the "coureurs des bois sdl .^ hundred crowns for the license, one thousand for the goods, and forty per cent, on the balance of sales ;. the . residue was divided among the " coureurs, giving to each five or six hundred crowns, which was disposed ol as quickly, and much in the same way, as manners dis- charged from a ship of war spend their wages. During the latter |art of the seventeenth centui:y, the^^ame of Nicholas%errot was fa^Uar, not oHly to the men of business, aigf|fficers 0f gove^ment at Montreal anA^Quebec, bu!%«ound tl^e council fires of the Hurons, Ottawas, Qtchagras, Ojibways, P6ttawotar mies, Miamies, and Dahkotahs. A pative of Canjk - accustomed from childhood to the e^cit^me^t and^^ cidents of border life, he was to a certain, extent, pre- pared for the wild scenes witnessed' iii after days. -^ , If the name of M^ worthy of. preservation, the citizens of the Noi^pKil ought not to be willing to let the name of that man die, who was the first of whom we have any account that erected a tracing post on the upper Mississippi. ^ . . Perrot waa a man of good family, ^d m his youth ■ applied himself to stu^y, and, being ff a time m the service of the Jesuits, became famiUar lYith th^ customs Und languages of most of the tribes upon the borders of our. lakes. , Some years before La Salle had launcl La^ Erie,^d commenced his cor it the request of the aut%^tie8 te " Grifl&n'" discovery, ianada, who -ijj ■^.. 120 ,-^ HISTORY OF. MINNESOTA. loolraa,>UB|i».hiin as a man ef great ta«t, visited the , _^^fflSis b# th^'North-West, and invited them to a grand council at Sault St. Marie, for the purpose of makmg a treaty with France. 0^ melturial tempera- ment, he performed the journey with great speed, going as far south as Chicago, the site of the present city. On the 3d of September, 1670,.^alon, |he Intendant of Canada, ordered Sieur de St. Lusson fe proceed to the " countries of the Outaouais, Nez Percys, Ulinoisj ^ and^ther naflfens disco\gred" neSr Lfike Superior 6r~^ the Fresh Sea, and seaW for mmes, ^Articularly cop^ per. He was also delegated to take pMession of all the countries through which he passed^^fc^^ting^ the cross and the arms of France. - ^% %In May, 1Q71, there wal seen at the Falls* Jk St. ' ifary, whafjhas been of late, a frequent occu^Rce.^ 5l Hei||wa6 tliB first convocation of civilized men, with " " the aborigines of the North-West, for the formatbn of a compac^or^e 'purposes of trade and mutual assist- , it wmSot onlylSfe ^ilBtom but policy of the court F^^e la maie a, peat display upon such an occ^ rt il not to be wondered at, therefore, tikiftt we see the "ecclesiastic and military officers,^ sur- rounded "with all of the pomp and circumstaiice" peculiar to their profession in that age of extravagance in externals. Allouez, the first ecclesiastic who saw the Dahkotahs »* ^ The Europeans present, besides De Lusson and Perrot, were the Je- suits, Andrft, Preuilletes, AUoofe, and Dablon ; also Joliet, the ex- plorer of the Mississippi ; Mogras, pf Three Rii^fars, Canada t TQanpinfl^ a soldier of the castle of Quebec ; Dennis Masse ; Chavigny ; Chevtiot-i tiere ; Lagillier ; Mayserfi ; Dupuis i Bidaud Joniel ; Po'-teet ; Du Prat : Vital Oriol; Guillaum*. * r-wf^-fti" TAKING POSSESSION OP THE NORTH-WEST. 121 face to face, and the founder of the mission among the Ojibways at La Pointe, opened council by detailing to the painted, grotesque assemblage, enveloped in the -robes of the beaver and buffalo, the great power of his monarch who lived beyond the seas. • m ' Two holes were" then dug, in one of which was< planted a cedar column, and in the other a cross of the same material. After this the European portion of the assemblage chanted the hynm Which was so often heard in the olden time from Lake Superior to Lake Pont- chartrain: — ' ^ "Vexilla regie prodeunt Fulget crucifl mysterium, Qua vita ^ibrtem pertulit, Et morte, vitam pertulit." The arms of Fraii<;e, probably engraved on leaden plates, were then 'attached to both column and cross, and again the whole company sang together the " Exa«- diat " of the Roman Catholic service, the same as the 20th Psalm, of %.,King James' version of the Bible The delegates lij^^he different tribes having signified their approvaf ^Vhat Perrot had interpreted of the speech of the French Envoy, St. Lusson, there was a grand discharge of musketry, and the chantmg of the noble " Te Deum- Laudamus.^' * ' After this alliance was concluded, Perrot, m a spint of enterprise, opened the trade wit^ some of the more . remote tribes. ' ^...^ ^ ^ The first trading posts on Lake Superior, beyond * . Sault St. Marie, were buUt of pine logs, V Daniel Greysolon du Luth, a native of Lyons, at Kamamsti- goya, the entrance of Pigeon river, Minnesota. Un the ''i'^-^, ■-..m ■• 'sm^'^'^'^f'r i*^^*Wf/^<|S "W'T^^^*-, *■'.,**)' ^-y^f •>' aA^r! /fm-'y^'fir,t vf", .'..-sbt . 122 HISTORY OP MINNESOTA. 1st of September, 1678, he left Quebec, to explore the country of the Dahkotahs and Assineboines. The next year. On the 2d of July, he caused the king's arms to be planted "in the great village of the Nadouessioux (Dahkotahs), called Kathio, where no Frenchman had ever been, also at Songaskicons, and Houetbatons,' one hundred and twenty leagues distant from the former." " On the 15th of September, he met the Assinetwipes and other nations, at the head of Lake Superior, for the purpose of settling their difficulties with the Dahkotahs, and was successful. • - On this tour he visited Mille Lac, which he called Lake Buade, the family name of Frontenac, governor of Canada.* / Du Chesneau, the intendant of Canada, appears to have been hostile to Du Luth, and wrote to Seignelay, Minister of the Colonies, that he and Governor Fronte- nac were in correspondence, and enriching themselves ^by the fur trade. He also intimated that the governor clandestinely encouraged Du Luth to sell his peltries to the EngUsh. From the tone of the correspondence, Du Chesneau was excitable and prejudiced.' ^ The Chdngasketons and Ouade- batona of the early French mapB. The former were the same as the Sissetoans. J| ' CoronelHir map, corrected by Tillemon, published at Paris, 1688.^' • " The man named La Taupine, a famous 'coureur de bois,' who set out in the month of September of las! yaar, 1678, to go to the Ou- . tawacs^ with goods, and who has ftlwftyw T^een inter|||ted with the-go^ vemor, having returned this year, and I being advised that he had traded in two days, one hundred and fifty beaver robes in a single village of this tribe, amounting in all to nearly nine hundred beavew, which is a matter of public notorfety, and that he left with Du Luth, two men, whom he had with him, considered myself bound to have him arrested and to question him, but having pre- sented a license from the ..governor _ ^n^ ^ r ^V .-^ iS31QI|f>"* '«V ' 4 DU LUTH'S UNCLE. 123 He attempted to imprison several of Du Luth's friends, among other/his uncle, named Patron, who was a mer- chant, and his agent for the sale of furs. The accouQKthat Perrot gave of his explorations be- yond Lake Micnigan, attracted the attention of La Salle, and induced him to project those enterprises which have given distinqtion to his name. permitting him and his comraides, Lamonde, and Dupuy, to repair to the Outawao nation to ezeoutel his secret orders, I had him set ai li- berty. Immediately on his going out, Sieur Prevost, Town-Mayoi^l qf Qaobec, came at the head of sc soldiers, to force the prison, with written orders in these terms fropi the governor : — " ' Ooant de Frontenao, Oounoillo] of the King in his Council, Cbyemoi^i and Lieutenant-General of His Ma- jesty in New France : " Sieur Prevost, Mayor of Quebec, is ordered, in case t^e Intendant ar- rest Pierre Moreau, alias La Tau- pine, whom we have sent to Quebec as bearer of despatches, upon pre- text of his having been in the bush, to set him forthwith at liberty, ana employ every means for this purpose at his peril. Don^ at Montreal, 5th September, 1679. Fbontknac' " m • If \, ^ '.jfj^S^istim^tsi'iiA. '^ 124 HISTOBY OP MINNESOTA. .^•jv V, CHAP'^BR VI." ii- ■*■ ^Tiik same autumn' th^tDu Luth left Mwtredl for t,he region west of Lake &iperior, LA Salle was at Fort Frontenac, the mode^ Kingstpn, Jbusily « engaged in maturing his plans for an occupation of^the Mississippi valley. Diring the winter and thelMlowing spring his employee?, were occupied in'building fvi^sef t(^||aavi- g'ateth^4akes. ^ Among those -whj^we^, to accoih^^ ^^1 Him on the vpya# was Louis H^|^} a^rancisdan • priest; ofjhe Kecoilect ord^r. ^^^^!ff ; ' . > The MfcEuropean to explore the, Mississippi above .the moum^of the Wiscojisiii; the fitst to n^-me and ^describe the Falls of Saint Antliony; the first to pre- sent an iengraving of the falls of ^^iagara to the literary r world ; the Minnesotian will d^ire to kno\if^spmething^ of the aflteced^nte^and siibs0quent life-pf this individual;: The acocfunt of Mnepin's e^ly tfdfJl chMyxjb-. ' tained from* the iftttbduction to the lnipt^rd^in" edition of tes book of ifavels.; He W Iwm m''Ath;''an inland 'town of the jTeth^rlands. * ho^ boyljpod he^ iohged^ to visit foreign i^iries, and it is not to be' won^^re^. ^ -4i^that li,e;as^ed the priestly, office; for iieit tm-the time that he became sL . priest, appeai*^Vto have b6en on ''things seen and tem- poral," rather than on those that ^are "unseen aiid .eternal." While on duty at some of the ports ^ the Straits of Dover,, he exhibited the charact^s^stip' of an , ^ ancient Athenian more than that of a ^^fessed sjiQcessor of the Apostle^, ^e sought out the society 6r^arigers "who spent their time in Nothing else 'but either t^ tell >or to hear some new thing." .With pafect. nonchalance , h^'^nfesses tliat notwithstanding the nauseating fumes* -of tobacco, he used to slip bel^d the doors of sailors' * tav^wii^ and spend da.ys, without regard to the loss of hi§ meals, listening to ^he adventures and haii*-breadth esCapegf of the kariners in lands beyond thfe s^a. ^n the year 1676 he received a welcome oraer from ;Kb Supegrior, requjiriM hiifl to embark for Canada. Un- aooustomed to the tiSi:ld,^d arbitrary in his diftposi- * tion, he rendered the£|abiji ofA#ie sllpp in N^hich he*' sailed anything bu^ heaVl^ly . A|;iti modem days, the passengers in a vessel to the hew woi^dlN^re. compose^ V ' : • ■ • ; y- a?«, » i^- 1* -1 <■ ' , . « • i: - s i I 126 HISTOEY OP MINNESOTA^ ~, ) credited, his intercourse with La Salle was not very pleasant on ship-board. The young women^ tired of being cooped up in the n^row axjcommodations of the ship, when the evening was fair sought the deck, and engaged in the rude (lances of the French peasantry of that age. Hennepin, feeling that it was improper, began to assume the air of the priest, and forbade the sport. La SaUe, feeling that his interference was un- called for, called him a pedant,,and took the ade of the ^ gu-ls, Mid during the voyage there were stormy discus- sions. ' ' j • ' ' Good humour appears to have been restored when they left the ship, for Hennepin would otherwise have not been the companion of La Salte in his great Western journey. . Sojourning for ft, short period at Quebec, the adven- ture-loving Franciscan is permitted to go to a mission station on or near the site of the present town of Kings- ton, Canada West. • ' V Here there was much to gratify his love of jiovelty, ' and he passed considerable time in rambling amoiig the Iroquois of New York, even penetrating as far , eaatward as the Duteh Fort Qrange, now the city ofc Albany. „ .^J* • In 1676 he returned to Quebec, and was ordered to . join the expedition of Robert La Salle. ^' ; -i' '^ On the 6th of iWmber leather Hemieipm and a por- tion of the explilfcjK party had entered the Niagara river. Intiie ^^Hky of the Falla, theinnter was" . passed, aAdt ifhile the artisans were preparing a ship ^ above the Fafifl? to tf^ivigate the ©f^ lakes^he Reool- [ lect wilfed'away the Hours in studying the manners ao^ A> v.. ..'.vV V- I. •■Vi r' ' J- .#- >■■■ ■ . [...: •• . ■ » ■ " 4*" ^ ,;■ ' ,":* 0 'i-v ••> '■•/N „». --1 .',*• M '"<' . u ■»- ,>■:■ ,■ .THE SHIP GBIFFIN.— HENNEPIN. •* 127 r 1 ' . .'i' customs of the Seneca Indians, and in admiring the sublimest handiwork of God on the globe. , On the 7th of August, 167i^y the ship being 'CQin- pletely rigged, unfurled its sails to the breezes of Lake Erie. Th^ vessel was named the ' " Griffin," in lonsTur of the arms of Frontenac, Governor of C^inada, the first sliip of European construction that haea ev^r j^oughed the waters of the great inland seas of Ndltfi 4^erica. After encountering a violent. and dangerous storm on one of the lakes, during wljich they had given up all hopes of escaping shipwreck, on the 27.th of the month, they were safely moored in the .harbour t)f "Missili- mackinack." ^From thence the party proceeded to Green Bay, where they left the ship, procured canoes, and continued along the coast 6f Lake Michigan. By th^Wddle of January, 1680, La Salle h|d conducted his ejmlditic^n tojthe Illinois river, and on an eipinence near l^i-ke Peoria, he commenced, with Aiuch heaviness of heart, i\m erection of a fort, T^hich he called Creve- coeui:,^n aofcount of the many disappointments he had expeaence^. La Salle, in the moyith of Fehruaapy, selected Henne- pm ^djtwo trader^ for the arduous and dangeroui undertaking, of expiring the unknown regions of th« upper Mississippr^iv,. . \^ - Daring and fl^Qbitibus of disilncticif a» a- discoverer^ Jie was not ft^Ese .t* such a commission, though pei^ haps he may haie ,fjtfunk from ihjfe undertaking at so inclem^iit a sesjioh as the last of Febfuwy is,.ii| thia ' portion of Korth America.^ ^" - . ", °; k . i On the 29th of Febniarf, 16^, wi^ twi?' ^oy^sutt, V flamed ^cai^i^u Gay and Mic^ail Akd, Hennepin etnt' barked in a, canoe V" , *Wt ' ^ * ''i' ■■■/■ y\- '• . n ■ i h- ■:^'':'1-r.:'#'^^.<''''i'"' .»:'; *f o »!,■_» ■':.,♦ ::-(? «.^/tr^,.. _»«.■:.,. -t^ ■ 1* ■ Ir- i^^'J^ J f.- ■ '-"X % &iii - $. It if'- 9 ;■ A'" t ■ / 128 HISTORY OF MINNESOTA. •V ?)' The,venerable Ribourde, a member of a Burgundian famil/of high rank, ami a fellow . Franciscan, came down to the river bank to see him off, and, in bidding him farewell, told him to acquit' himself Irke a man, and be of good courage. His .words were, "■ Viriliter age et confortetur cor tuum." - j The canoe was loaded with 'about one hundred and fifty dollars' worth of<. merchandise for the purpose of trade with the Indians, and in addition La Salle, pre- sented to Hennepin ten knives, twelve awls or bodkins, a parcel of tobacco, a package of needles, and a pound or two of white or black beads. ' The movements of Hennepin, during the month of March, are not very clearly related. He appears to have been detained ^t the junction of the Illinois with •*{he Mississippi by the floating ice, until near the mid- dle of that month. He then commenced the ascent of the river for the first time by civilized man,_ihmigh Marquette had, seven years before, -descended from the 'Wisconsin. > ;' ^ - . ' Surrounded by hostile^^d unknown natives, they 'cautiously proceeded. On^ the 11th of i April, 1680jj thhrty-three bark canoes, tsontaining a Dahkotah;war party against the IlUnois and Miami nations, hove in sigiit, and Commenced discharjging their arrows at the canoe of the Irenchmen. Perceiving the calumet of L peivje, they ceased their hostilec d^moneftbitions and 4^ \ proached. The fiyst night thai Hennepin aaid his. CTffla-i, ' panions j^asM with the Dahkotah .party was" on* of ' a»kiet^.* ^'Minext morning, a chi^ loomed "Narfhatoba * %(ed fop ^ peaoi?^uinet,.^4' . > • ' „ ■'," . •■■.'.' ^ H. > «»( '»''- i:v\ .^?.,.,^:,,"';. ^'^^ . 11." %' 1 i, ' Vs* -S^, 3^'-»« '^'^ji- ♦ ^; -1 tr ^ i t '^W^f^^^f"^ ^*.I> 180 HISTORY OF MINNESOTA. t h" ■• ■'jM' 1"«i i^ to retain the favour of the french^and ogen a Iradin^ intercourse. > Perceiving one of the canoe-men shoot a wild turkey, tkfy called the gpn Manza Ouackange— iron that has under&tanding j Ace correctly, Maza Wakande, this is the supernatural metal. ' . , Aquipaguatin, onfe (i1^h.e, head men, resorted to the fdllowing deviqie to obtain merchandise. Says the" Father "thisT^y savage had the bones of soDje dis- tingi^shed relative, which he preserved with great care in some skins dressed and adorned with seVeral rows o£r black and red porcupine quills. From ti,me to time he assembled his men to. give it a smoke, and made us come several days to cover thd bones with goods, and .by a.present wipe away.th^ tears he had .shed for him,: and for his own son killed by the Hiamis. To appease this captious man, we threw on the bones several fathoms of tobacco, a^^^s, knives, beads, and some black and white wampum .bracelets. * *• * * * * * We slept at the point of the Lsdce of Tpa-rs,.' which we 80 called from the tears- which this chief shed all night long, or by one of his sons whom he caused to -weep whe^ he gi?ew tired." " . *, . . The next day, • after foui; or five leagues' sail, a chi^ canie, and telling tiiem to leave, their canoes, he pulled up tllf^' piles of grass for seats, then taking a piece K^cid&t, full of little .holes^h^ placed a stick infooi^p, iillfch;he;revpLyed between the paWs of his hancJs; ^til fie yndled^li fire, and, informed the Frenchmen Hfeatttt^^'^ould-i^fttMitleLacin^^"^ Oft the i&i«teentb day "rffer tli^f qaptjtvit/, they arrived in **^ *l4>icePepi^ ■'^ M* t- - • \ HENNEPIN NEAR ST. PAUL.— MILLE LAC. 181 r vicinity of ^aint Paul, not ^ far, it is probable, from the mkrshy ground on which the Kaposi'a band once lived, ' and now called " Pig's Eye." The journal remarks, " Having arrived, on the nine- ^teenth day of our navigation, five*leagites below St. Anthony's Falls, these India,ns landed us in a bay, - ^^ broke our canoe to pieces, and secreted their own in the reeds." ^ » They then followed the trail to Mille Lac, sixty T^gues distant. As they approached their villages, the various bands began to show their spoil^ The tobacco was highly prized, and led to some 'c^tention. The chaUc6 of the Father, which glistened in the 'sun, they were afraid to touch/Bupppsing it was " wakan."^ After' five days' walk they reached the Issati (Dahkotah) settlements in the vaUey.of tl^e Rum river. The dif- ferent bands each conducted a frenchman to their ^ village, the chief Aquipaguetin taking charge of Hen- nepin. After marching through the marshes towards the sources of Rum river, five wives of the chief, in three bark canoes, ^met them and took them a shortV league to an island wherelheir cabins were. An aged Indian kindly mbbed down the way-worn Franciscan — placing him a . he anointed his legs and th^ cat oil. : The son of the chief took great pleasure in carrying upon his bare back the priest's robe with dead men's , bones enveloped.; It was called P^re Louis Chinnien — in tile Dahkotah language Shinnkor Shinnan si^f^s •i, but plwoonoed " wakon,"^ or ' 7^e wqrd for 8up«niatarsl, ib' "%« D&hkotafa LeziooDi is thas Bp«H- a bear-skin near the fire, soles of his feet with wild- Ail Ml ^' 0:. \ •^^. .s=^ 1 . ^ ( ^'^* ^.t^ -^^ rr ■" r .» i 1<,2 ' HIStOBT or MINltESOTA. a buffalo robe: Hennepin's description of his life on +liP island is in these words :— ' ' ThTday after our arrival, Aquipaguetin, who was the head of a large family, covered me with a ro^ made If ten large dressed beaver skins, tnn^ed.with porcu- rnnills TlA Indian showed me five or si.x of his ' Tes tLgS, as I afterwards learned, that they 8k)uld in future regard me a^ one of their children. « He set before mla bark dish full of fish, and, seeing . that I could not rise\from the ground, he had a small BWeating-cabin made, i\ which he made m. enter naked with four Indians. T^ cabin he covered with buffalo skins, and inside he pulstones reA-hot. He madenie a si^ to do as tiie others\befoi:e beginning to ^weat, but ' I merely concealed my nakedness with a handkerchief' As soon as theSe Indians had several times breathed ; out quite violently, he began-to siiig vociferously, the others putting their hands on me and rubbing mfe while they wept bitterly: I^began to faint, but I came o^t and could scarcely take my habit to put on When he made me sweat thus three times a week, I felt as strong as ever." - • . "^ ' o The mariner's compafls- was a constant source ot wonder and ama^ei^ent. Aquipague> having aa^em- bled tUe braves, would as^ennepih .to Aow his com- pass. Perceiving that" t% needle H^Fhed,. the chief harangued his men, .and to> them th^ the Europeans . «' were' spirits, capable of domg anything.!^ :■ ; In the Franciscan's possession was in -iron pot with ' lion paw feet, whicli the Indians ^uld not touch unless their hands were wrapped in buffalo skins. ' . me women looked ujwn it as, " wakan," and would not enter the cabin where \i was. ■■■■■- . /■. ■■■ ■ . ■ .^<^ ■ . ♦ * , .»6^k> - ■^ QUERIES OP THE DAHKOTAHS. 183 " The chiefs of these savages, seeing that I was de- sirous to learn, frequently made me write, naming all the parts of the human body; and as I would not^put on paper certain indelicate words, at which they do not blush, they were heartily amused:" They often asked the Franciscan questions, to answer < which it was necessary te refer to his lexicon. This appeared very strange, and, aa they had n# word for paper, they said, "That white thing must be a spirit which tells P^re Louis all we say." Hennepin remarks : "These Indians often asked me how many wives aiid children I had, and how old I was, that is,' how many winters ; for so these natives always count Never illumined by the light of faith, they were surprised at my answer. Pointing to our two French- men, ^^^fe)m I was then visiting, at a point three leagues from s' our village, I told them that a man among us cquld only have one wife ; that, as for me, I had pro- mised the Master of life to live as they saw nie, and* to come, and live with them to teach .them to be like the French. ^ ■ ' '' But that gross people, till then lawless and faithless, turned all I said into ridicule. ^ How,' &aid they, * would you }aif^& these two men With thee have wives ? Ours would not live with them, for they have hai^^all over, their face, and we have none there or elsewhere,' i -In fact they Were never better pleased •witK:6ie than, yhen shaded, and from a complaisance^ 'certainlY not laV I: ffliaveJ^lveEy week. / -^ * ( •*'-, ,. ^. ^k-^l often'^ent to visit the cabins, I found "4 sick fcl^^^hose fathe^-'p name Was Mameni^. Michael not accompany me j the Picard du Gay alone .4 I . ^^^ i 'Is: HIS10EY OF MINNESOTA. ,«l followed me to act as sponsor,^ or rather to witness the baptism. ' ' t ~ " I christened the child Antoinette, in honour of bt. Anthony of Padua, as well as for the Picard's name, which was Anthony Auguelle. He was a native of Amiens, and nephew of the Procurator-General of the Premonstratensians both now at Paris. Havmg poured natural water on the head and uttered these words :— ' Creature of God, I baptize thee in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Ghost,' I took half an altar cloth which I had wrested from the hands of an Indian who had stolen it from me, and .put it on the body of the baptized child; for as I could riot say mass for want of wine and Vestments, this piece of hnen could not be put to better use, than to enshroud the first Christian child among these tribes. I do not know whether the softness of the linen had refreshed her, but she was the next day smiling in her mother's arms, who believed that I. had cured the child— but she died soon after, to my great consolation. '^ During my stay among them, there arrived fou savages, wlio. said they were come alone five hundred leagues from the West, and had be^n four months upon the way. They assured us there was no such place ^ the Straits of Anian, and that they had travelled with- out re^ting,iexcept to sleep, and had not, seen or passed over^^ny great lake, by which phrase they always mean the iea. i f They further informed us that the nation of the Assenipoulacs ( Assiniboines) who lie north-east of Issati, V 4as not above six or seven days' journey ; that pone of "^^the nations, within their knowledge, who lie to the east , 1 ^A^&^-Aa.-l..mS^ . ■iil ^■■f.^. J T<.-<^^t^ iL^\ijt' ■/,'*/J'S '■;v7**??!Tf'" vy. ^ another edition greatly enlarged, in which he claims to have descended the Mississippi towards the Gulf of Mexico, as well as discovered the Falls of St. Anthony. As the reader notQS his glaring contradictions in this last work, he is surprised that the author should have , been bold enough to contend, tl^ the statements were reUable. Though a large portip was plagiarized from * V- ^- ~ •^ ^^w^* -'"» ■ .r- ' • ■ " ■ ■ " ■ .. ■' -, ' " . .,,-;; ■. . • " • , / f ' y r.. r J . ^' ■- '■\ \. ■„.■ .-■- n V * i / - -" ".-;-^- ■ 1 ' . I' « fl. ■--^-y -v- ... .' ■t^ - " -'■ — *— ' ii . A ■ v , ":;/;. -' ^ M. ■-'' "-■" Ik .£ . ■■-.■■' ■ , ^^ ■ 4 ■ - 1 b ^ ■■ ■ 1 HHH ■■ I # t,. IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGET (MT-3) A J-' 1.0 1.25 ■ 30 -^1 1^ 2.2 I.I S. ™^ iA ill 1.6 <^ A ^% ifttr tj . PhotDgraphie — Sdenees Corporation Hi WKT MAIN STRUT JMMSTH.N.Y. 14910 (71*) •72-4509 • ^jjpgi>r--..i..\_,i~»™^-... T 186 HISTORY OF MINNESOTA, ;^'' *""^rf< the acoDiints of other travellers, it had a rapid sale, and was translated into several languages/ * The fQllowinj5 will give some his third vol. ; No. 1 «up., being his idea of the popularity of Hennepin's first, and No. 7 swp. his second, narrative. It was. prepared by Dr. Rich. O'Callaghan, for the Historical Ma- 12. An edition in Dutch. 4to. gazine, Jan. 1858, and is believed to Utrecht, 1698i J. R. B. be nearly a complete list of the seve- 13. Nouveau Voyage. Amster- ral editions of Hennepin's books : No. 1. Description de la Louisiane. 12mo. Paris, 1683. Meusel. Ter- naux. No. 985. . ^ 2. The same. 12mo. Paris, 1684. Rich., in No. 403 of 1683. * 3. Descrizione della Luisiana. 12mo. Bologna, 1686. Rib. Belg. Meusel Temaux, No. 1,012. Trans- lated by Casimir Frescot. 4. Description de la Louisiane. 12mo. Paris, 1688. Richarderie Faribault. - 5. Beschryving van Louisiana. 4to. Amflterdam, 1688. Harv. Cat. 6., Besohreibung, &o. 12mo. Nurnberg, 1689. Me'usal. Temaux, No. 1041. 7. Nouvelle Deoouverte. ]2nio. Utrecht, 1697. Temaux, 1095. " Nouvelle Description," Meusel. Faribault. 8. The same. 12mo. Amsterdam, 1698. Temaux, No. 1110. 9. New Discovery. London, 1698. Temaux, No. 1119, who calls it a 4to. ; all the other catalogues an 8vo. J. R. B. says 2v. ; but see Rich. 10. Another,, same title. 8vo. dam, 1698. FiSt^bault. 14. A New Discovery of a Vast Country, Ac. 8vo. London, Bon- vriok, 1699. t. f. Ded. 4ff. Pref. 2ff. Cont. 3ff. Text, pp. 240'and 216, with tit., pref. and cont. to part , n. ; two maps, six plates. [Not in any catalogue.] , ^ 16. Relaijion, de mi^eLjs, &c. 12mo. Brusselas, 1699. Temaux, 1126. A translation into Spanish by Seb. Fem. de Medrano. 16. Neue Entdekungen vielto grossen Landschaften in Amerika. 12mo. Bremen, 1699. Temaux, 1049, who gives the date incorrectly, 1690. Translated by Langen. Meu- sel, No. 6 of J. R. B., and an edition in German of No. 7. • Supra. 17. Voyage ou Nouvelle Deoou- verte. 8vt>. Amsterdam, 1704. Meusel, Rich., No. 8. 18. The same. §vo. Amsterdam, 1^1. Meusel. Faribault says " Nouvelle Description." 19. The -same. 12mo. Amster* dam, 1712. J. R. B. 20. A Discovery of a large, rich, to. 8vo. London, 1720. Rich., No. la. .4 21. Noovelle Description. Am- London, 1698. J. R. B. 11. Nonveau Voyage. 12mo. "^fdam, 1720. Faribault. Utrecht, 1^9. Temaux, No. lUW 22. Nouvelle Decouverte. 4to. 2?^ Bib. Befg. Hennepin calls this Amsterdam^ 17^7. ^ichairderie. In ■i- "■" ♦ ^iiiM 'Z^- KING OP FRANCE DISSATISFIED WITH HENNEPIN. 137^ No doubt much of thf infonnation which the author . obta,ined in relation to. Minnesota, was obtained from Du Luth, whom he met in the Dahkotah country, and with whom he descended the Mississippi on his return to Canada. Having made a favourable acquaintance with EngUsh gentleiien, he dedicated the edition of his work, pub- Ushed at Utrecht, in 1698, to King Wilham, and the contents induced 'the British to send vessels to enter the Mississippi river. Callieres, Governor of Canada, writing to Pontchartrain,' the Minister, says, "I have • learned that they are preparing vessels in England and Holland to take possession of Louisiana, upon the rela- tion of P^re Louis Hennepin, a EecoUect who has made a book and dedicated it to Kmg WiUiam.'* „ After he had eariied a reputation, not to be coveted, he desired to return to America, and Louis XIV., in a - despateh to Callieres, writes, "His majesty has been informed thatjlther Hennepin, a Duteh Erancisdan, who has formerly been m Canada, is desirous of return- ing thither. As his majesty is not satisfied with the conduct of the friar, it is his pleasure, if he return thither, that they arrest and send him to the Intendant of Biochefort." In the year 1701 he waa still m Europe, attached to a Convent in Italy." He appears to have died in obscurity, unwept and unhonoured. Histoire des InoM. A tnuagUtion of GaroiiaMO de \h Vega bj Rouweler. 23. Neue Entdekungon, Ac. Br** men, 1742. The Banio as No. 16, with a new title page. . ^ 1 May 12, 1690. See Smith^j Hiat Wisconain, vol. i., p. 318. ' » Historical Magaiine, Bottom p. aie/voi. L 188 HISTORY OF MINNESOTA. '^' Du^lfljth and not Hennepin was considered the real discoverer of Minnesota. Le Clercq remarks, |hat ** in the last year of M. de Frontena^'s first administration, Sieur du Luth, a nqan of talent and experience, opened a way to'the missionaries and the gospel in many dif- ferent nations, turning toward the north of that lake (Superior), wherefhe ey^ built a fort. He advanced as far as the Lake of the Issati (Mille La<^, called Lake Buade, from the family name of M. de Frontenac." In. the month' of June, 1680, he ]eft his post on Lake Superior, and with two canoes, an Indian, and four Frenchmen, entered a river, eight leagues below, ascend- ing to the sources of which] he made a portage to a lake, which is the head c^^river that entered into the Mis- sissippi. ProceediJBward the Dahkotah villages he meif Hennepin, wtfifT party of Ilidians. i^ Jletuming to >^uebec, Du Luth visited France, .and conferiM with the Minister of the Colonies, but in 1683, he'was at Mackinaw fortifying the post against a threatened attack by the lavages, and sending ex- presses to the Indians north and west of Lake Superior, who traded at Hudson's Bay with the English, to come and' traffic with the ^French. i In the spring of 1^83, Governor De La Barre sent twenty men, under the command of Nicholas Perrot, to establish frendly alliances with the loways and Dah- kotahs. Proceeding to the Mississippi, he established a post below the mouth of ^e " Ouiskohche"^ (Wiscon- sin), which was known as Fort St. Nicholas.* He found the Miamies, Fox^s, and Maskoutens, at wai* » La Potherie. * BeUin. -,*; ^»i1l^ -T^Ut.'^tt l5^J o^ Mpnsieur de Borie- ' / ' %- , , ' " ■ ■-' » Green Bay, WisooMin. *' - 'Dahkotahs. ^^ ^ --*■ S ■ '^'11 il ifl IK ■^■jf/f'T ""^yjy-" "n«?!^ '■^^., •••^fV i 144 HISTORY OF MINNESOTA. ^ guUloV commanding the French in the neighbourhood of the Ouiskonche^ on the Mississippi; Augustin Legar- deur, Esquire, Sieur de Caumont, and of Messieurs Le Sueur, Hebert, Lemire, and l^lein : , "Declare to all whom it may concern, that, being come from the Bay des Puants, and to the ^Lake of the Ouiskonches, and to the river Mississippi, w6 did trans- port ourselves to the country of tl^e Nadouessioux^^on the border of the river St. Croix/ and at the mouth of the river St. Pierre,* on the bank of which were the Mantantans;' and, farther up to the interior to the north-east of the Mississippi, as far aa the Menchoka- tonx," with whom dwell the majority of the Songes- kitons, and other Nadouessioux, who are to the north- east of the Mississippi, to take possession for, and in the name of the King, of 'the coimtries and rivers inhabited ^ Charlevoix writei 'Wisconsin, (Foft / ^illot. Nicholas,) Ouiskonche, Mesc^ing, Ouiscon- sing, Wiskonsan, are some of the former spellings of this word. » This is not ecclesiastical in its "associations, but named after Mens. Saint Croix, who was drowned at its mouth.-«-ia Harp^s Louisiana. * Nicollet supposes that this river bore the name of Capt. St. Pierre. * The Dahkotahs have a tradition, that a tribe called Onktok^dan, who lived on the St. Croix just above the lake, was exterminated by thcFoxes. At an early date the Mde-wa-kan- ton-wan division of the Dahkotah tribe split into two parties, one of which was denominated Wa-kpa-a- ton*we-dan, and the other Ma-tan- «^ ton-wan. TQ^ie former name signifies, ^Tboaerwho-d wfiB-ffli-the^r9gk,v^ cause they had th6ir village on Rice Creek, a stream which empties into the Mississippi seven miles above the Falls of St Anthony. The sig- nification of the latter name ip un- known. It is said that Tarte-psin, ■yVa-su-wi-oa-xtarxni, Ta-can-rpi-sar pa, A-nog-i-na jin, Ru-ya-pa, and Ta- oan-ku-wa-xte, whose names signify, respectively, Bounding-Wind, Bad- Hail, Black-Tomahawk, He-stands- both-sides, Eagle-Head, and Good- Road, are descendants of the Wa-kpa- a-ton-we-dan.— Wa-ku-te, Taro-ya-te- du-ta, Ma-zarTO-ta, Ma-rpi-ya-ma-za, Ma-rpi-wi-oa-xta, and Xa-kpe-dan. are B«d to be Ma-tan-ton-wans. The respective signification of their names is as follows: fihooter, His-scarletr people, Grey-Iron, Iron-Cloud, Sky- Man, and Little-six. * M'daywawkawntwawQg. i=iB Learning that Durantaye, the Commajidant at Macki- "\- ^ Then are given the names of those already mentioned. This re- cord was drawn op at Green Bay, Wisconsin. 10 ^ * . 'V. » Bellin's description of Map of North America* , ( » rje I'Isle's Jilap? 1700, and 1703 Thi^, last name appbais incorrect. • *Sefe Jeffery^ Map, 1762. 1 ■ ^|'?^*'.-;-'5i^-;';''^ "^ -^-, 146 ; HISTORY OF MINNESOTA. naw, was disposed to be friendly to missionary schemes, he superseded him by the appointment of Lou^vigny, j' Perrot, who was^ on a vi^it to Montreal, conducted the neW^ commander t^his post, where he found the Ottawas wavering, and about to carry their peltries to^ ' the English; but by his uncommon taxjt^he regained their confidence, and a flotilla 0|f one hundred canoes, . ) with furs valued" at one hundred thousand crowns,', started towards Montreal. ' ^ On the eighteenth of August, 1690, the citizens of that city perceived the waters of the Saint Lawrence dark- ened by djBScending canoes, and supposing ^at they were filled by the dreaded Iroquois, alarm-guns were fired to call in the bitizens from the country; blit this terror was soon turned to joy, by a messenger arriVing / » ' - with the intelligence thai it was a party of five hundred Indiilfts, of various tribes near Mackinaw, who had coille to the city to exchange their peltries. So large ^ .. a number from tfie North- West had not appeared for years; and, on the twenty-fifth, Count Fronteiiac gave them a grand feast of two oxen, six large dogs,' two , barrels of jmie, and some prunes, with a plentiful supply of tobacco. . ^ The Ottawas in council demanded theTneaning of the ^ " hatchet Perrot had hung in their cabm. rr \ . ^ Frohtenac told them that they wew aware ^i the . tidings he had received, that a powerful army was cq& . - , ing to ravage liis country; that all that was necessary to conclude was ^he mode of proceeding, whether to go and meet this army, or to wait for it with a frcrn foot; ■ that he put into their hands the hatchet which, had been formerly given them, and had since been kept suspended r w Y^^,^>,...^.^.. , -^■. ■„. ■*fc;i|[pijT ''I'-^fi^" . j«ii»iipif(aiip,pinj I; iii,.pijii, « J \) ;t LONQl 1)ESIRED PELTRIES ARRIVE AT MONTRE'aL. 14T '■'%.,, for thenijlajad. h6 doubteii not they would make^.goocl use of it.' ^' ' " ->- V '^ - ; ^. He then,, hatchet in hand, sung the war song,Jn 'which the Indians joined. , '^ ' The increasiag^Iroquois and English hostilitjr made . it a dangerous undertaking W transport in can&es to or from. Mackinaw. > • Lieutenant D'Argenteuil was de6(t)atched by Frontenac' An 1692, with eighteen Canadians on increased pay to Mackinaw, with an order' to ^Jjouvigny, the commander, ' ^iq^ send ddwn all the Frenchmen |hat could be spa^^^ \ from th^ N^orth-West, and the large amount X)f peltri^ ^ tljathad accumulated at his^post. . On the seventeenth of, August two hundred canoes - filled with Frenchmen afad Ottawas arrived from the ut>p^ country at Montreal with the long-detained furs. • " The merchant, the farmer, and oth^r individuals who might have some peltries there^ were dying of hunger, with property th^ co^ld not enjoy. Credit was ex- hausted,-^nd the j^i:phen8ion univ^al that the Eng- -^ lish might seize this last resource of the country while .it was on the way. Terms saflBciently strong were Aot ^ to be found to praise anci l^ess him by whose care so much property had" arrived."^s>,^^ Tilfe Intlian^ were: entertained at ^he governor's table, and on Sunday, the sixth of September, tliere was a grand war dance. The next day they received presents, ; and during the week returned to iheii* own country. The French soon followed under the direction of Tonty, Commandunt ofthe niindlll. La Motte, Cadil- lac, aind B'Argenteuil shortly after were ordered to , Mackinaw, Louvigny being recalled. Perrot was sta^ J~~ • ' P»riB Doc. toUx, NTY.CetHUt. , - ^ < "^'1 f y ~7 :Um^ ^-^- \ . ei"jg|j!W"^?f* fl'*T^-7>«''T* ■'•;g5i^9'."5S«f"Jr ""^Ei ^'-%;'/' 'rsf^jig'WT'sj 'v '148 ° HISTOEY OF MINNESOt|. tioned among the Miamis, at a place called " Malamek," in Michigan; and Le Sueur was sent to La Pointe of Lake Superior to mainSin the peace th^ had just beeq, concluded between the Ojibwayp and Dahkotahs. The mission of Le, SueUr was important. As the Foxes and Mascoutins had become inimical, the north- ern route to the Dahkotahs was the only one that could be used in transporting goods. In the year 1695, the second pOst in Minnesota was built by Le Sueur: Above Lake Pepin„and below the mouth of the St. Croix, there are many islands, and the largest of these was selected aa the site.' The object of ihe estabUshment was to interpose a barrier between the Dahl^otahs and Qjibways, and maintain the peaceful relations which had been ci:eated. Charlevoix speaks of the island as havmg a very beautiful prairie, and remarks that "the French of Qanada have made it a centre of commerce for the western parts, and many pass the winter here, because it is a good country for hunting." ' ^ ' . ^ ^,^ On the fifteenth of July, Le Sueur amved at Mon- treal with a party of Qjibways, and the first Dahkotah •Jmve that had ever visited Canada. "'^Th^ Indians were much impressed with the power of France by the marching of a detachment of seven hundred picked men, under ChevaUer Cresafi, who were on their way to La Chine. On the eighteenth, Frontenac, in the presence of \ Callieres and other persons of distinction, gave them an audience. The first speaker was the chief of the Qjibway band at La Pointe, Shingowahbay, who said :— ' ' Ballln in hii dBBuiiptioii of lUo Ohaft of North AmorlQfti - 'V ■*% '-18the Qjibwa^ was Le Brochet. Teeoskahtay,' the Dahkota-h'' chief, before he spoke, spread out a beaver robe, and laying another with a tobacco pouch and" otter skin, beigau to weep bitterly. Aftei; drying his tears he said : — ■ "All of the nations had a father who afforded them protection ; all of them have iron. But he was a bas- tard in quest of a father; he was come to see hun, and begs that he will take pity on him." He then placed upon the beaver robe twenty-two arrows, at each arrow naming a Dahkotah village that desired Frontenac's protection. Kesuming his speech, he remarked : — « It is not on account of what I bring that I hope he who rules this earth will have pity on me. I learned from the Sauteurs that he wanted nothing ; that he was the Master of the Iron ; that he had a big heart, into which he could receive all the nations. This has > The title the Indians always gave to the GoTereor. :-4l ■0 ■^^* . ( 150 tilSTOEY OP MINNESOTA. Tra 4» induced me to abandon my people to Icome to seek his protection, and to beseech him to recei^ me among the number of his children. Take courage, Great Captain, and reject me not; despise me not though I appear poor in your eyes. -All the nations here present know that I am rich, and the little they offer here is taken from my lands." Count Froiitenac in reply told the chief that he would receive the Dahkotahs as his children, on conditio^ that they would be obedient, and that he would send back Le Sueur with him. ' » Teeoskahtay, taking hold of the governor's knees, wept, and said : — " Take pity on us ; we are well aware that we are not able to speak,* being children; but Le Sueur, who understands our language, and has seen all our villages, will next year inform you what will have been achieved by the Sioux nations, rei^sented by those arrows before you." Having finished, a Dahkotah woimtn, the wife of a great chief whom Le Sueur had purchased from captivity at JIackinaw, approached those' in authority, and with downcast eyes embraced their knees, weeping and say- ing:— " I thank thee. Father ; it is by thy m^ans I have been liberated, and am no longer captive." Then TeSoskahtay resumed i- — " I speak like a man penetrated with joy. The Great Captain ; he who is the Master of the Iron, assures me of his protection, and I promise him that if he conde- scends to restore my children, now prisoners among the Foxes, Ottawas, and Hurons, I will l^tum hither, and bring with me the twenty-two villages whom he has just -restui'ed to life by promifliDg to send thom Iron." ^m;%^ %^ DAHKOTAH CHIEF DIES IN CANADA. 151 V On the 14th dS August, two weeks after the Ojibway chief left for. his home on Lake Superior, Nicholas Per- rot arrived with a deputation of Sauks, Foxes, Meno- monees, Miamis of Maaramek, and Pottowattamies. Two days after, they had a council with the ^governor, . who thus spoke to a Fox brave : — ^ "I see that you are a young man; your nation ha& quite turned away from my wishes; it has pillaged some of my young men, whom it has treated as slaves. I know that your father, who loved the French, had no hand in the indignity. You only imitate the example of your father, who had sense, when you do not co- operate with those of your tribe who are wishing to go over to my enemies, after they grossly hisulted me, and defeated the Sioux, whom I now consider my son. I pity the Sioux; I pity the dead whose loss I deplore. Perrot goes up, there, and he will speak to your nation from me, for the release of their prisoners; let them attend to hun." • . Teeoskahtay never returned to his native land. While in Montreal he was taken sick, and in thirty- three days he ceased to breathe; and, followed by white men, his body was ijaterred in the white man's grave. Le Sueur, instead of going back to Minnesota that year, as was expected, went to France, and received a license, in 1697, to open certain mines supposed to exist m Mmn^sota. The ship in which he was returning, was c^tured by the English, and he was taken to England. After his release, he went hack to France, and, in 1698, obtained a new commission foi^. 3tl|^ mmmg. While Le Sueur was in Europe, the Dahkoi waged war against the Foxes and Miamis. In retaliar 7 7 ,:d&. J ..' ,*., 152 HISTORY OP MINNESOTA. tibn, the latter raised a war party, and eht^ed the land of the Dahkotahs. Finding their foes intrenched, and assisted by "coureurs des bois," they were indignant; and on their return they had a skirmish with some Frenchmen, who were carrying good^ to the Dahko- tahs, Shortly after, they met Perrot, and were about to - bum him to death, when prevented by some friendly , . ^ Foxes. The Miamis, after this, were disposed to be friendly to the Iroquois. In 1696, the year previous, the authorities at Quebec decided that it was expedient to abandon all the posts west of Mackinaw, and with- draw the French from Wisconsin and Minnesota. i The " voyageurs" were not disposed to leave the country, and the governor wrote to Pontchartrain for ;. instructions, in October, 1698. In his despatch he remarks: — ♦ " In this conjuncture, and under all these circum- stances, we consider it our duty to postpone, until new instructions from the court, the execution of Sieur Le II Sueur's enterprise for the- mines, though the promise had already been given him to send two canoes in advance to Missilimackinac, for the purpose of pur- chasing there some provisions and other necessaries for his voyage, and that he would be permitted to go and join them early in the spring with the rest of his hands. What led us to adopt this resolution has been, that the French who remained to trade off with the Five N&. tions the remainder of their merchandise, might, on seeing entirely new comers arriving there, consider themselves entitled to dispense with coming down, and perhaps adopt the resolution to settle there; whilst, rtfifting Tin arrival there, with permiaaion to do whaj ifl / * fl^n'i^-ij'r' 98*^ ••'•r.-. -^s^. LE SUEUR'S LICENSE TO MINE BilVOKED. 153 >J» ■r forbidden, the reflection they Will be. able to make during the winter, and the apprehension of being guilty of criiJ^^ may oblige them to return in the spring. "^ " This would be very desirable, in consequence of the great difficulty there will be in constraining them to it," should they be inclined to lift the mask altogether and become buccaneers; or should Sieur Le Sueur, as he easily could do, furnish them with goods for their beaver and smaller peltry, which he might send down, by the return of other Frenchmen, whose sole desire is to obey, and who have remained only because of the impossibility of getting their effects down. This would rather induce those who would continue to lead a vagar bond life to remain there, as the goods they would obtain from Le Sueur's people would afford them the means of doing so." In reply to thi^ communication, Louis XIV. answered th'at^ "His majesty has approved that the late Sieur de Front^ac and De Champigny, suspended the execution of the license granted to the man named Le Sueur to proceed, with fifty men, to explore some mines on the banks of the Mississippi. He has revoked said license, and desires that the said Le Sueur, or any other person, be prevented from leaving the colony on pretence of going in search of mines, without his majesty's express permission." L6^ueur, undaunted by these drawbacks to the pro- secution of a favourite project, again visited France. ^^ rv- ■ -*. ^K J.f -<. \ LE SUEUR MEETS A WAR PARTY. 155 the Osages, for 'these suspect nothing, and the others are on their guard. • " As you will probably meet these allied nations, you ought to take precaution against their plans, and not allow them to board your vessel, since they are traitors, and utterly faithlm. I pray God t» axjcompany you m all your designs." Twenty-tw(Kteagues above the Illinois, he parsed a small stream which he caUed the Biver of Oxen, and nme leagues beyond this he passed a small river on the west^ide, where helmet four Canadians descending the Mississippi, on then: way to the Illinois. On the 30th of ifuly, nine leagues above the las1>-named river, he meii seventeen Scioux, in seven canoes, who were gomg to revenge the death of three Sci6ux, one of whom ha4 been burned, and the others killed, at Tamarois, a few days before his arrival in that village. As he had pro- mised the chief of the HUnois to appease the Scioux, who . should go to war against his nation, he made a present to the chief of the party -to engage him to turn back. He told them the King of Urance did not wish them to make this rivet more bloody, and that he was sent to teU them that, if they .obeyed the kind's word, they would receive m future afi things necessary for. them. The chief answered that he accepted the present, that . is to say, that he would do 9s had been told hun. From the 30th ofc July to. the 25th of August, Le Sueur advanced fifty-three and one-fourth leagues to a small river wUch he called the Kiver of the Mine.* At the mouth it runs from the north, but it turns to the north-«ast. On the right'seven leagues, there is a lead > ThlM !■ the tot ■MililiUf^tlw (Hlea> mlnafc < •i<.M'iAi.-iLiM^&^Asi'ili!&. > '••*" -^'"^^' . a.yfV*.r 156 HISTORY OF MINNESOTA. mine in a prairie, one atnd a half leagues; the river is ' only navigable in high water, that is to say, from early spring till the month of June. From the 25th to the 27th he made ten leagues, passed two small rivers, and made himself acquainted with a mine ot lead, from which he took a supply. ^ From the 27th to the 30th he made eleven and a half leagues, and met five Canadians, one of whom had been dangerously wounded in the head. They were naked, and had no ammunition except a miserable gun, with five- or six loads, of powder and balls. They said they were descending from the Scioux to go to Tama- rois ; and^ when seventy leagues above, they perceived ^ nine canoes in the Mississippi, in which were ninety savages, who robbed and cruelly beat them. This party were going to war against the Scioux, and were com- posed of four diflferent. nations, tl^ Outagamis (Foxes), Saquis ^Sauks), Poutouwatamis (Pottowattamies), and Pauns (Winnebagoes), who dwell in a country eighty leagues east of the Mississippi from where Le Sueur then was. The Canadians determined to follow the detachment, which was composed of twenty-eight men. This day they made seven and a half leagues. On the 1st of Sep- I tember, he passed tl^ Wisconsin river; It runs into the Mississippi from the north-ea«t. It is nearly one and » a half taJleB wide. At about seventy-five leagues up this river, on the right, ascending, there is a portage of more than a league. The half of this portage is shaking ground, and at the end of it is a small river which descends into a bay called Winnebago Bay. It is in- habited by a great number of nations^ic^o carry their furs to Canada, ^tfonsieur Le Sueur came by the Wis- ;*.,\j?»^y did not have pity on them, and give them a little \ ^ . &'^ 1.^14^11^ 158 HISTORY OP MINNESOTA. powder, they should not be able to reach their village. The conaideralion of a inissionary, who was to go up among the Scioux, and whom these savages might meet, induced them to ^ve two pounds, of powder. * M. Le Sueur Made the same day three leagues; passed a stream on the weBt, and afterwards another river on the east, which is navigable at all limes, and which the Indians call I^ed river. ^ > On the 10th, at daybreak, they heard an elk whistle, on the other side of the river. A Canadian crossed in a small Scioux canoe, whidi they had found, a^d shortly returned with the body of the animal, which was very ^ easily killed, "quand il est en rut," that is froi^a the be- N' ginning of September until the end of October. The „ hunters at this time make a whistle of a piece of ^pvood, or reed, and when they hear an elk whistle, they answer it.' The animal, believing it to be another elk, ^.ap-^ - .proaches, and is killed with ease. From the 10th to the 14th, M. Le Sueur made Seven- teen and a half leagues, passing the rivers Raisin and- Paquilenettes, (perhaps the Wazi 0?u and Buffalo.) The saxiie day he left, on* Ihe east |ide df the Missis- sippi, 4 beautiful and large river, which descends from the Very far north, and called Bbri Secours ^ChippeWay), oh account of the great quantitji^f buffalo, elk, bears, and deurs, which are fdund there. Three leagues up this river^ there is a ihine of lead, and seven leagues ' above, on the same 8ide,^they found another long river, in the vicinity of which there is a copper mine, from which he had t^keh a lump of sixty pounds, in a former voyage.. In order to make these mines of any account, peace must be obtained between tiie Scioux and Outa- gamia (Foxes), becanaft the lattfiTy who dwell on the -%,. r LAKE PEPIN.-- CANNON BIVER. IIQ \ east siSe of the Mississippi^ pass t^s road continually when going to war against the Scioux. In this region, at one and avhalf leagues on the north- . west si^e, commenced a lake, which is si:^ leagues long and more than otffe broad, ^called Lak© "Pepin. It ia bounded ok the \^st by\a cham of moiintaiiis ; on the' east is ^een a prairie; am on the north-west of the lake there is another prairie two leagues long and ond wide. In the neighbourhood ia a-chain of fountains quite tw:o hundred feet high, and more than one and a half miles long. In these are found several caves, to which the bears re^re in whiter. Most of the caverns are mor* than seventy feet in extent, and three or four feet high. There are several of which, the entrance is very narrow, and quite closed up with saltpetre. It would be^da^gerous to enter them in summer, for they are filled with rattlesnakes, the bite of which is very dangerous. L^ Sueur saw some of tliese snakes which ' weBe six feet in length, but generally they are about four feet. They have teeth Resembling thosq of the pike, and their giftns are full of small vessels in which their poison is placed. The Scioux say thej take it every morning, and ca^t it away at night. They have at the tail a kind of scale which makes a noise, and this •is called the rattle. ' • «k Le Sueur made on .tliis day seven and a half leagues, and passed another river called Hiambouxecate Ouataba, or the River of Flat Rock.* . On the 15th he crossed a small river, and saw, in the neighbourhood, several canoes filled wi^h Indians, . descending the Mississip^^ He supposied they were n ,-^4_- ♦ W, ,: ^' V .' ^m ? . 160 HISTOBT OF MINNESOTA. ■i Scioux, because he could not distinguish ^mi canoes were large or small. The ajnnstfweft i readiness, and soon they heard the cjMHP *^® savages, which they are accustomed to raise -wbBn they rush upon their enemies. He caused them to be answered in the same manner; and, after having placed all the men behind the trees,, he ordered them not to fire until they were commanded. ** He remained on shore ^ see ,. what movement the savages would make, and perceiving that t^y placed two on shore, on the other sidej* where froTEmiL eminence they could ascertain the strength of his forces, he caused the men to pass and repass from the' shore to the wood, in order to make th^m believe that they were numerous. This ruse succeeded, for as soon as. the two descended from the eminence, the chief of the party came, bearing^the calumet, which is a signal of peace among the Indian^. They said, that , ne^ having seen the JFrench navi- gate ^e river with ^HHIS^ ^^^ -1^1^^^^ ihey had supposed them to bep^pfll^|pnd forn^at reason they had raised the war cry, and arranged themselves on the other side' of the Mississippi ; but, having recognised their flag, they had come without fear to inform them, [ that one of their number, who was crazy, had acci- dentally killed a Frenchman, and that they would go and bring his comrade, who would tell how the mischief had happened. ' • The Frenchman they brought was Denjs, a Canadian, an^ he reported that his companion was accidentally killed. His name was Laplace, a deserting soldier from Cai^ada, who had taken refuge in this country. * . " I- ' ^ Ttte felucca is a small vessel had never before been seen on the- propelled both by oarR tynd waihirand. , Hatei».dLtho IJp|^ — A, * ..J. ', f,^,-. ». .\ ><• •' ^p^ ST. CROIX DROWNED.— RIVER ST. PIERRE. 161 Le Stieur replied, that Onontio (the name they%ive to all the governors of Canada), being their ftiier and hi^ they ought not to seek; justification dsew%re than before him ; and he advised ttiem to go an(i see him m /soon as possible, and beg- him to T^^ipe off the blo®d dt this Frenchman from thidr'^faces. The party was composed of forty-seven menl ferent nations, wha^w^ far*.to the east, abou^xne forty-fourth ^eg*^ of latitude. Le Sueur, disco v^pg : who the chiefs we:pe| said the king whom they WA spoken of in Canada, had sent him to take possession , of the north of the river; and that he wished tiie nations who dwell on it, as. well as those under his |mb- tection, to live in peace. %' He made this day three and three-fourth leagues^ and, on the 16th of September, he left a large river oh the east sidg, named St. GrooE, became a Frenchman of that name was shipwrecked at 'Sb mouth. It comes from tl\p notth-north-west. Four leagues higher, in going jxg, is found- a small lake, at the Inouth of wMch iS a very large mass of copper. It is on the edge^ of the ^ water, in a small ridge of sandy earth, on the west of this lake. J . ' From the 16th to the l^th, he advanced thirteen and three-fourth leagues. After having made from Tamarois two hundnjttland nine an& a half leagues, he left the navigation ^ the Mississippi, to enter the river St. L, Pierre,* on the west side. By the 1st of October, he o'* ■ . - ■ ' '- ^ * ThalSaint Pierre, like the Saint an(^ prominent in the Indian affairs * .Croix, just below it, was evidently in thit age. Carver, in 1776, on ^ named after a Frenchman. ' Chq^rle- the shores of Lake Pepin, discovered voix "speaks of an officer by that 'the ruinsr of an .extensive trading name, who was atlMaokinaw in 1692, post, that bad been under the control «<*^ ^ ,rf- ti| ^ <- ■ 51 'f-'1. >n"'-'' " . ^ • ■ ,r ■ 162 HISTORY OP MINNESOTA. had made in this river forty-four and one-fourth leagues. After he entered into Blue river, thus named on account of the mines of blue earth found at its mouth, he founded his post, situated in forty-fonr degrees, thirteen minutes, north latitude. He met at this plaoe nine Scioux,^ who told him that the river belonged to the Scioux of the West, the Ayavois (lowas), and Otoctatas (Ottoes), who lived a httle farther off; liat'it was not their custom to hunt. on ground belonging to others, unless invited to do so by the owners, and that when they would come to the fort to obtain provisions, they would be in danger of being killed in ascending or descending the rivers, which were narrow, and that if they would show thei^J; ' pity. Tie must establish himself on the Mississippi, near the mouth of the St. Pierre,* where the Ayavois, the Otocta- tas, and the other Scioux, cotfld go as well as they. Havmg finished theii'^flpeech, they leaned over the head of Le Sueur, according to their custom,. crying out, " Ouaechissou ouaepanimanabo," that is to say, " Have pity upon us." Le Sueur had j^reseen that th« esta- bUshment of Blue Earth river, would not please the Scioux of the Eaat, who were, so to speak, masters of the other Sci(MXf9ixA of the nations which will be hereafter mentioned,, because they were the first with whom trade was commenced, and in consequence of which they had already quite a number of guns. As he had commenced his opera,tions, not only with ft view to the trade of beaver, but also to gain a of a Captain Saint Pierre, and there Lahontan, Le Sueur, and the Jesuit* ia scarcely a doubt that Le Sueur of that period in their relations, and . named the Minnesota river in honour it has not been altered to Dahkotith of his fellow explorer and trader. in this chapter. >pby -gf » Neighboatbood of Mwtdoia. ■.«,1 DAHKOTAHS OF THE PLAINS. 163 knowledge of the mines, which he had previously dis- covered, he told them he was sorry that he had not known their intentions sooner; and that it was just,, since he came expressly for them, that he shoul^ estar blish himself on their land, but that the season was too far advanced for him to return. He then made them a present of powder, balls, and knives, and an armful pf tobacco, to entice them to assemble as soon as possible, near the fort which he was about to construct, that when they should be all assembled he might tell them the intention of the king, their and his sovereign. The Scioux of the West, according to the statement of the Eastern Scioux, have more than a thousand lodges. They do not use canoes, nor cultivate, the earth, nor gather wild rice. They remain generally in the prairies, which are between tte Upper Mississippi and Missouri rivers, and live entirely by the chase. The Scioux generally say they have three souls, and that after deat^ that which has done well goes to the warm country, that which has done evil to the cold regions, and the other guards the body. Polygamy is common among them. JChey are very jealous, and sometimes fight m duel for their wives. They manage the bow admirably, and have been seen sereral times to kill ducks on the wing. They make their lodges of a number of buffalo skins mterlaeed and sev^ed, and carry them wherever they go. They are all great smokers, but their manner of smoking differs from that of other Indians. There are some Scioux who swallow all the pmoke of the tobacco, and others who, after having kept it some time in their mouth, cause it to issue from the nose. In each lodge there are usually two or thi^ee mt>n with their families. ^ ', - E * J ^■f^" ",Y -^1-^ \' x-^ 164 HISTORY OF MINNESOTA. On the third of October, they received at the fort veral Scioux, among whom was Wahkantape, chief of the village. Soon two Canadians arrived who had beeri hunting, and* had been robbed by the Scioux of the East, who had raised their guns against the estar blishment which M. Le Sueur had made on Blue Earth river. --^^ On the fourteenth the fort was-^ifflped and named Fort L'Hviillier,' and on. the twei^^S)nd two Cana- dians were sent out to invite the Ayavais and Otoctatas to come and establish a village near the fort, because these Indians are industrious and accustomed, to culti- vate the earth, and they hoped to get provisions from them, and to make them work in the mines. On the twenty-fourth, six Scioux Oujalespoitons wished to go into the fort, but were told that they did not receive men who had killed Frenchmen. This is the term used when they have insulted them. The next day they came to the lodge of Li Sueur to beg him to have pity on them. They wished, according to custom, to weep over his head and make him a present of packs of beavers, which he refused. He told them he was surprised that people who had robbed should come to him ; to which they replied that they had heard it said that two Frenchmen had been robbed, but none from their village had been present at that wicked action. Le Sueur answered, that' he knew it was the Men- deoucantons and not the Oujalespoitons; "but," con- tmued he, " you are Scioux ; it is the Scioux who have robbed me, and if I were to follow your manner ol * The farmer general at Paris who had encouraged Le Sueur in his pro- Jwtt. LE SUEUR FILLS CANOES WITH BLUE EARTH. 165 acting, I should break your heads ; for is it not true, that when a stranger (it is thus they call the Indians who are not Scioux) has insulted a Scioux, Mendeou- canton, Oujllespoitons, or others — all the villages re- venge upon the first one they meet ?" As they had nothing to answer to what he said to them, they wept and repeated, according to custom, " Ouaechissou ! ouaepanimanabo !" Le Sueur told them to cease crying, and added, that the French had good hearts, and tlaat they had come into the country to have pity on them. At the same time he made them a pre- sent, saying to them, "Carry hack your beavers and say to all the Scioux, that they will have from me no more powder or '^ lead, and they will no longer smoke any long pipe u^til they h^ve made satisfaction for rob- bing the Frenchman." / The same day the Cahadians, who had been sent off on the 22d, arrived mthout having found the road which led to the Ayavois and^Otoctatas. On the 25th Le Sueur went to tke river wilh three canoes, which he filled with gree^ and blue earth.' It is taken from the hills near which are very abundant mines of copper, some of which >^as worked at Paris in 1696 by L'Huil- lier, one of the^ chief collectors of the king. Stones were also found tl^re, which would be curious, if worked. On the &th of November, eight Mantanton Scioi arrived, w^o had been sent by their chiefs to say tMat the Mendeoucantona were still at their lake on the east of *he Mississippi, and they could not come for a long^une ; and that, for a single village which had no good^sense, > The locality was a branch of the Blue Earth, about a mile above the river, and on a map 1773, the river St. Rec iblisbed in / furt, BalUd by Nicollet lift-Suour I :mtL /■ /. ^gg HISTORY OF MINNESOTA. the Others ought not to bear the punishment ; and ^hat ^ ty were wiling to make reparation if they knew how. Le sleur replied that he was glad that they had a dis- ^Sf th^trthe two Mantanton Scioux, who^had heen sent expressly to say that all of the Scioux of the east and part of those of the west, were joined together o c;me 1 the French, because they had heard that the Christianaux and the 'Assinipoils were niakmg war on them These two nations dwell above the fort on the . east side, more than eighty leagues on the Upper Mis- "' Assinipoils speak Scioux, and are certai^^y^ that nation. It is only a few years «i«f f ^J^,*^%^^ came enemies. The enmity thus origmated : The Chris- tianaux, havmg the use of arms befoij. the Scioux, through the EngHsh at Hudson's Bay, they constantly wafred upon the Assinipoils, who were their nearest neighbours. The latter, being, weak, sued for^peace, and to render it more lasting, married the Chnstianaux women The other ScipUx, who had not made the com- pact, continued the war ; and, seeing some Chnstiwiaux with the Assinipoils, broke their heads. The Chns- tianaux furnished the Assinipoils with arms and mer- chandise. ,.,..11 ^^A • On the 16th the Scioux returned to their village, and it was reported that the Ayavois and Otoctatas were gone to establish themselves towards the Missouri river, near the Maha, who dwell inthat region. On the 26th the Mantantons and Ou^alespoitons arrived at the fort ; and, after they had encamped in the woods, Wahk^- tape^ came to beg Le Sueur to go to his lodge. He Wakandapi or E»t<*me4 Sacred, was the nime of one of the he«l meo at Red Wing, in 1860. » *. ■^^^^^4U> WEEP OVER THE DEATH OF TEEOSKAHTAY. 167 J fort; LhkaD' - . '•*He - e>»ct mes t' — ._ - 1 * ♦* -.%;'^ there foun<^ sixteen men with women and children, with their ^es daubed with black. In the middle of the lodge wer^, several buffalo skins, which were sewed for a carpet. After motioning him to sit down, they wept for the fourth of an hour, and the chief gave him some wild rice i to e)at (as was their custom), putting the first three spoonsful to his mouth. After which, he said all present were relatives of Tioscat^,^ whom Le Sueur took to Canada in 169S, and who died there in 1696. At the mention of Tio^scat^ they began to weep again, and wipe their tears and heads upon the shoulders of Le Sueur. Then Wahkantape again spoke, and said that Tioscat^ begged him to forget the insult done to the Frenchmen by the Mendeoucantons, and take pity on his brethren by giving them powder and balls whereby they could defend themselves, and gain "a living for the^ wives and children, who languish in a country, full of game, because they had not the means of killing them. "Look," added the chief, "Behold thy children, /thy brethren, and thy sisters ; it is to thee to see whether thou wishest them to die. They ^vill live if thougivest them powder and ball; they will die if thou refitisest." ' TjC Sueur granted them th^ir rtkjuest, \mi/ as the Scioux never answer on the ^pot, especially iii matters of importance, and as he 1^ to ^peak to tjiem about his establishment, he went out o/f/the lo^ge without saying a, word. The chief and all mose wit^m followed him as far as the door of the fbit ; and when "he- had gone in, they jwent around it three times, crying with all their strength, "AtheoualUin!*' that is to say, " Father, hav^ pity on us." j(^te unyanpi, means Our ,^ather.) ^ /•* I -7- ma \ N 168 HISTORY OF MINNESOTA. The next day, he assembled in the Jbrt the prindipal men of both villages ; and as it is not possible to subi|ue the Scioux or to Hinder them from going to war, unless it be by inducing them to ciritivate the earth, he said; ip * them that if they wished to render themselves worthj\^ of the protection Of the king, they mus| abandon their erring life, and form a village near his dwelling, where they would be shielded- from the insults of their ene- mies; and that they, might be happy and not hungry, he would give them all the com necessary to plant a large piece of ground ; that the king, their and his chief, in sending him, had forbidden him to purchase beaver skins, knpwing that this kind of h'lmting separates them and exposes them to their enemies ; and that in conse- quence of this he had come to establish himself on Blue river and Vicinity, where they had many times assured him were many kinds of beasts, for the skins of which he would give them all things necessary; that they ought to reflect that they could not do without French goods, and that the only >^ay not fo Want them was, not to go to war with onr ajlied nations. \ As it is customary with the Indians to accompany their word with a present proportioned to the afl^r treated of, he gave them fifty pounds of\ powder, as many balls-, six guns, ten axes, twelve armsfiil of tobacco', and a hatchet pipe. 1 On the first of December, the Mantai^tons invited Le Sueur to a great feast. ' Of four of their lodges they had made one, in which were one hundred men seated around, and every one his dish before ^m. After the meal, Wahkantape, the chief, made thetn all smoke one after another in the hatchet pipe which had been given them. He then made a present to Le Sueur of a slave #jU^ii£uW>jui£«b&«M J&t. \ \ M'DEWAKANTONW AN' CHIEFS AT BLUE EARTH f ORT. • 169 and ai\sack of wild rice, tod said td him, showing him his men : " Behold the -remains of this great village, which thou hast aforetimes seen^ so numerous ! all the others have been killed in war ; and the few men whoni thou seest in this lodge, accept the present thou hast made theiji, and are resolved to obey the great chief of • all nations^ of whom thou hast spoken to us. . Thou oughtest not to regard iis as Scioux, but »as French, and instead of saying the Scioux are miserable, and have no mind, and are fit for nothing but to rob and steal from' the French, thou shalt say my brethren are miserable and have nb mind) and we must try Uf procure some for them. They rob us, but I will take care that they do not lack iron, that is to say, all kinds of goods. If thou dost this, I assure thee that in a little time, the Mantantons will become Frenchmen, and thfey will ha^ none of those vices with ^diich thou reproaxjhest us." . Having finished- his spe^, he covered his face with his garment, and the others imitat(M him* They wept over their companions who had died in war, and chanted anjidieu to their country in a tone so gloomy, that 9ne could not keep from partaking of their sorrow. Wahkaiitape then made .them smoke again, and dis- tributed the presents, and said that he was going to the Mendeoucantons, to inform them of the resolution, and invite them to do the same. • -On the twelfth, three Mendeoucanton chiefs and a large number of Indians of the same village, arrived tit the fort, and the next day gave satisfiujtion for robbing the Frenchmen. They br6ught 400 pou^d^ of beaver skins, and promised that the summer following, after their canoes were built and they had gathered their wild rice, that they would come and establish themselves 4 9 ■S^AV'"' ••1?^ 170 HISTOET OF MINNESOTA. near the French. The same day they returned to their village east of the Mississippi. NAMES OF THE BANDS OF SCIOUX OF THE EAST, WITH THEIR SIGNIFICATION. Mantantons— That is to say, Village of the Great Lake which empties into a small one. MendeoucIntons — Village of Spirit Lake. ,^ QuioPETONS — ^ViQage of the Lake with one RivB PsiouMANiTONSr— Village of Wild Rice Gatherers. Ouadebatons. — The Eiver Village. OuATEMANETONS.— Village of the Tribe who dwell on the Point of the Lake. SoNGASQUiTONS — The Brave Village. . . THE SCIOUX OF THE WEST. ToucHOUASiNTONS— The Village of the Pole. PsiNCHATONS— Village of the Bed Wild I^ce. OujALESPOiTONS — Village ^vid^d into many small Bands. ^ ' . , , PsiNOUTANHHiNTONS— The Great Wild Rice Village. TiNTANGAOUGHiATONS— The Grand Lodge Village. OuAPEtONS — ^Village of the Leaf. ■ OuGHETGEODATONS— Dung Village. OuAPETONTETONS — Village of those who Shoot' in the LatTge Pine. , H1NHANETON&— Village of the Red Stone Quarry. The above catalogue of villages concludes the extract that La Harpe has made from Ij» Sueur's Journal.^ ■^ The " History of Louisiana, by nal, and deposited among the ar- La Harpe," who was a French offi- chives of the American Philosophi- cer, remained in manuscript more cal Society, from, which a few ex- than one hundred years. In 1805, tracts were published by Professor ft copy Jtaa taken Jtoatho n^igi- Keating, in his narrative of Major. y ?■ D'IBERVILLE'S MANUSCRIPT. 171 In the narrative of Major Long's second expedition, there are just the same number of villages of the Gens du Lac or M'dewakantonwan Scioux mentioned, though the names are different. After leaving the Mille La« region, the divisions evidently were different, and the ^ villages known by new names. Charlevoix, who visited the valley of the Lower Mis- sissippi in 1722, says that Le Sueur spent a winter in his fort on the bauks of the Blue Earth ; and that in the following April he went up to the mine about a mile above. In twenty-two days they obtained more than thirty thousand pounds of the substance, four thousand ^ ^ of which were selected and sent, to France. On. the tenth of February, 1702, Le Sueur came back to the post on the Gulf of Mexico, and found D'lberviUe absent, who, however, arrived on the eighteenth of the next month, with a ship from France, loaded with sup- pHes After a few weeks, the Governor of Lomsiana sailed again'ibr the old country, Le Sueur being a M\^ passenger • i On board of the ship, D'lberviUe wrote a memorial upon the Mississippi Valley, with suggestions for carry- ing on commerce therein, which contams many facts furnished by Le Sueur. A copy of the manuscript is in possession of the Historical Society pf Minnesota, from which are th6 following extraxits :— • « If the Sioux remain in their own country they are , useless to us, being too distant. We could have no commerce with them except that of the beaver. M. Long's expedition. In the year 1831. tion of that part which. pertain« to / the original wa« published at Paris, Minnesota, appeared m a St Paul , for the first time, in the French newspaper m 1850. lanffuftRe. The €r8t English translar ■^ 172 HISTORY OF MINN;ES0TA« Le Sueur, w7io goes to France to give an axicount of this country, is the proper person to mak^ these movements. He estimates the Sioux at four thousand families, who could settle upon the Missoupi:^^- "He has spoken to me of aai^^her which he calls the Mahas, composed of more than, twelve hundred families, the Ayooues (loways) and the Qctoctatas their neigh- bours, are about three hundred families. They occupy the lands between the Mississippi and the Missouri,, about one tundred^ leagues from the Illinois^ These savages do not kiiifelir the use,l?f^arms, and a descent might be made upon them in a river, which-is beyond the Wabash on the west. ********** "The Assinibouel, Quenistinop, and people of the North, who are upon the rivers,, which fall into the Mississippi, and trade at Fort Nelson (Hudson B^), are about four hundred men. We could prevent them from going there if we wish." " In four or five years we can establish a commerce with these savages of sixty or eighty thousand buflfalo skins; more than one hundred deer skins, which will produce, delivered in France, more than two million four hundred thousand livres yearly. One might obtain for a buffalo skin four or five pounds of' wool, which sells for twenty sous, two pound of coarse hair at ten sous. • , ".Besides, from smaller peltries, two hundred thou- sand livres can be made yearly." In "the. third volume of the " Histoyy, and Statistics of the Indian Tribes," prepared under tlle/tJirection of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, by Mr."9choolcraiit, a manuscript, a copy of which is in possession 6f General rinj^H^ ia referred to as containing the first enumeration \ \ d : EARLIEST CENSUS OF INDIANS ^F MISSISSIPPI VALLEY. 173 of the Indians of the Mississippi Valley. The following was made thirty-four years earlier : — V 'The Sioux, . Families, 4,000. Mahas .12,000 Octata and Ayoues, ... . 300 Canses, (Kansas), . . . 1,500 Missouri, 1,500 Arkansas, &c 200 Manton, (Mandan). . . . 100 Panis, (Pawnee) . , . . • 2,000 Illinois, of the great -irillage andCamaroua (Tamaroa) Meosigamea, (Metchigamias) Kikapous arid Masooutens, Miamis, 800 200 450 500 Chicachas, . . . . . . 2,000 •Mobilien? and Chohomes, .. 350 Concaques, (Conchas) . . 2,000 Onma, (Houmas) . . . 150 Celapissa, 250 Bayogoula, X ^^ ,Peoj)leoftheFork, ... 200 Counujrt, 4;c.,' (Tonicas) . 300 Caensa, (Taensa) ... 150 Nadeches, ...... ^^SOft. Belochy, (Biloxi) Pascotoula. 100 Dotal, 23,850 Chactas, ...*... 4,000 . . -, « The savage tribes located in the places J have . marked out, make it necessary, to establish three posts on the Mississippi. One. at the" Arkansas, another at the Wabash (Ohio), and the third at the. Missouri;, At each post it would be proper to haVe aii officer with a detachment of ten soldiers, with a sergeaiit and corporal., :^ All Frenchmen should be allowed to settle there with their families, and trade with the Indians, atid-lfeey . might establish tanneries for properly dres^iilg. the buffalo and deer skins for transportation. ; . ' .- « No Frenchman shall he allowed to follow the Indians;:, on their htmta, as it tends to keep them hunters, as is seen in Canada, and when they are in the woods they do not desire to become tillers of the. seil * * * * « I have said nothmg in this memoir of which I have not personal knowledge or. the most reHable sources. The most of what I propose i« founded upon personal reflection, in relation to what might be done for the defence and advancement of the colony. * * •' / •». '\ « :6 ■J m ^ « HISTORY OF MINNESOTA.. It will be" absolutely necessary that the king should definp the limits of this country, in relation to the government of Canada. * It is important that the commandant of the Mississippi should have -a repiort of those who inhabit the rivers that fall into the Mississippi/ and principally those of the river Illinois. " The Canadians intimate to the savages that they ought not to listen to us, but to the governor of Canada, who always speaks to th^m with large presents ; that the governor , of the Mississippi is mean, and nevfer sends them anything. This is true, and what I cannpt do. It is imprudent to accustom' the savages ta he spoken to by presents, for, with so many, ife-w^ould cost the king more than the revefiue derived from the trade. When they come to us, it will be necessary to bring them in subjection, "make them no presents, and cornel t^em to do what we wish, as ^ they were Frenchmen. " The Spaniards have divided the Indians into parties on tMs point, and we can do the same. When one nation does ' wrong, we can cease to trade with them, and threaten to draw down the hostility of other . Indians. We rectify the difficulty by having mission- aries, who will bring them into obedience secretly, "The Illinois and Mascoutejis have detained the French canoes they find upon the Mississippi, laying that the governors of Canada have given them pennis- , eion. I do not know whether this is so, but, if true, it follows that we have not the liberty to send any one on the Mississippi. " M. Le Sueur would h6-ve been taken if he had not been the strongest. Only one of the canoes he sent to the Sioux was plundered." ****** On the third of March, 1 708j the workmen left at ^j^kt-t RETURN OF WORKMEN FROM MAHKAHTO. 175 Mahkahto returned to Mobile, having left Minnesota on account of the hostiUty of the Indians, and the want of means. . Le Sufeur, on his return from France, does not appear to have visited Minnesota. His name appears in the history of Louisiana as a leader of expeditions against the Natchez and other southern tribes. It is said that he died on the road while passing through the colony of Louisiana.* 1 La Horpe. * , \^ m i ^^^•..',^i4^>v, \sX j|^^^ V/''«fc'J'*'« ■" 176 HISTORY OF MINNESOTA. CHAPTER IX. At the commencenient of the eighteenth century, the Dahkotahs were still dwelling at the Spirit Lake, east ofc the Mississippi; but influences were beginning to operate, which eventuaUy led to dislodgment from their ancient stronghold. When the French traders first, visited Green Bay, they found the Sauks a fierce and haughty people, wandering about the country between the head waters of the Fox and Chippewa^y rivers. Below them, and above the Illinois, resided the Fox or Outagami nation,^ with whom they were closely allied by intermarriage. The French, from the first, seemed to be unsuccessful in obtaining their good-will, the early voyageurs having behaved themselves afi bandits rather than civilized men. In the year 1700 the Sauks and Foxes were defeated m a contest with the Dahkotahs and loways; and » The OjibTrays assert that Uie statement. "The Foxes are eighteen^ Foxes, before their inoorpomtlon with leagues from the Sacs, they number the Sauks, spoke a different Ian- five hundred men, abound in women guage, and they called them "0-dug- and children, are as industrious as aum-eeg,'» or people of the opposite they can be, and have a different _ IjJ^j language from the Ottawas. An A French memoir on the Indians Ottawa inta^reter would be of no between Lake Erie and Mississippi, use with the Foxes." Ptois Doc. pr^^pf>i-4 in \718, oonflrmjj^thiB TJi. in K. Y. 0. H. toL i». ■ # *- '-JiidL^^ ■^s ■•\ ' ■ - ATTACK OF FOXES ON DETROIT. 177 f shortly after this they began to .manifest open hostility against the French. Under the direction of the noted ,^ Avarriors Lamina and Pemoussa, they marched to the post at Detroit, which was the key to the commerce of the upper lakes, with, the intention of exterminating the small garrison of thirty men, and delivering the post to the English, who, from the year 1687, had been looking wistfully towards the beautiful peninsula which now comprises the commonwealth of Michigan. For days they prowled around the rude stockade, watching every opportunity for insult and murder. To prevent the burning of the post, Du Buisson, the commander, ordered the chapel, storehouse, and other outbuildings to be destroyed. , After a few days De Vincennes and eight Frenchmen arrived, biit brought no news that was cheering ; and the commander, in his despatch to the governor of Canada, admits his alarm, and writes, " I did not know on what saint to call." ' , The hour now came for decided action. The gates' of the little fort were closed ; the garrison divided into four companies ; annfl and ammunition duly inspected ; two swivels, mounted oh logs, loaded with slugs; all were waiting^ with anxious impatience, for the attack to commence, when the commander, ascejiding the baation, descried a friendly force of Osages, Missouris, Illinois, and other allies, issuing from the forest. , The gates being thrown open, they were warmly greeted. A moment's silence, a terrific war-whoop, that made the yery earth tremble, and the battle began in earnest, and murderous missiles flew like hail-stones. To pro- tect themselves from the fire of the fort, the Sauks and | Foxes dug holes in the ground, but they were soon I la — ^ M. vf?f J73 ■ ^TOW OP jalNNESOTA. besiesed. After being surrounded fear, nineto days, thy Succeeded in making tbeir escape, on a dark and rainv night, after the attactong party were asleep. The 7Ze^ ^as not made till mornmg, when they were found at Presque Isle, near Lake St. Claar. The fight 2 here renewed, and the Foxes were thoroughly de- feated, losing about one thousand men, women, and " Maddened by their want of sufccess, they came bax:k with the portion of the Sauks-who were their allies to their residence in Wisconsin, and '^^^"g^'l,* ff J^'! • by scalping every French trader they could find, and waging wi on the Ojibways and other tribes who had aided the French. , # . . Travel to Louiriana by way of the Wisconsm nver was entirely cutoff; and in 1714 the governor of Ca, nada determined to_ subdue or exterminate thgm. A force of eight hundred men marched to their villages, and the Foxes, under the pressure of necessity, formed rLndly alUance with their old foes, the Dahkotahs » of Minnesota. The invading army found the foe, to ■ the nmnber of five hundred men and three Aousand ■ women, strongly intrenched. De U>uvipiy, the com- manded, phmted his field pieces and a rienade morter, and bega^ the attack; but the Foxes s^n c»I«tulated, and six hostage, were given by them as/secunty for &e presence of their deputies at Montreal, to ^rfect he Ss of the treaty. While at Montrell, Pe*'^'' ^« great warrior, and otiien. of the hostw^es, died of small- ^Fearing that tfiis caUmiity lirightiefea^ f«0to were obHmeki. , PREDICTION IN RELATION/ TO ENGLISH MASTERY. 11^ r))iioh the ments for the final trea^ty/ De Louvigny was sent /to Mackinaw with one of the/hostages, %ho had recovered from the small-pox with the loss of one eye. Arriving in May, 1717, he despatched the one-eyed chief with suitable presents to" cover the dead. The Fox chiefs promised to coihply with the provisions of the original capitulation, and the pock-marked warrior departed- for Mackinaw, with the interpreter, but he soon eloped, and in a little while the truce-breaking Foxes were again shedding blood. The^^ot only harassed the French, but leagued with the Chickasaws of the south, as well as the fierce Dahkotahs of the north. For a number of years the French government had discountenanced traders dwelling with the Indians west of Macl^aw, and the old license system was abolished. But, in 1726, it was observed that the English were obtaining such an influence over the distant nations, that, to counteract it, the licensing of traders to dwell among the upper tribes was renewed. A despateh on this point, made a prediction, which has been fully verified : — " From all that precedes, it is more and more obvious, that the English are endeavouring to interlope among all the Indian nations, and to attach them to them- selves. They entertain constantly the idea of becoming maatera of North America, persuaded that the European nation which will be possessor *y)f that section, will, in course of time, he also master or all America, because.it is there alone that men live in hrnlth, and produce strong and robust children" I I To thwart them it waa proposed to reatoie the twenty- five licenses for trading, which had be^ spppressed, by which seventy-five " coureura des bois^^would proceed ;*4i;t ^ 180 HISTORY OP MINNESOTA. annually to the upper tribes, and be absent - eighteen " montfis ; also, to aboUsh the prohibitory Uquor law, which • had been enacted through the influence of the mikion- aries. The. argument in favour of this measure was in these words It— . . ^ • ' , "'Tis true, that the Indians are crazy when drunk, and when they have once tasted brandy, th«t they give all they possess to obtain some more, -and drink it to ' excess. ' - - ' v - ■ ^ ^ ^ " Missionaries will complain that this perinission de- . stroys the Indians and the. religion among them. But, ' , apart from the fact that they will always have rum from the English, the question is,, whether it be better that the English penetrate. into the contment by favour of that rum, jvhich attracts the Indians to them, th%n to suffer the French to furnish them with liquor m order to preserve these nations, and to prevent them declaring eventually in favour of the English."* In view of the troubles among the tribes of the north-' west, in the^ month of September, X718, Captain St. Pierre, who had great influence with the Indians of Wisconsin and Muinesota, was sen^ with Ensign Linqtot and some soldiers to re-occupy La Pomte, on Lake Supe- rior, now Bayfield,-^ the north-western point of Wis- consin. The chiefs of the band there and at Keweenaw, had threatened war against the Foxes, who had killed some of their number. On the seventh of June, ^726, peace was concluded by De Lignery with the Sauks, Foxes, and Winnebal* • goes, at Green Bay; and, Linctot, >«rho had succeed^ Saint Pierre in command at La Pointe, was ordered, ,^ .' JIT ilVfVU UMmj -t-^w^^*^"» ' /-' '^ 1 - • » , . M ■ ■ 2i^h<>: ■ . ' '»?'' 1 - ■ y. ;f. f -'■ I '■• ^. linctI)!' at la pointe. 181 presents and' the prom^si of a missionary, to endeavour to detach the Dahkotilf's froift/their alUance with the 'o3^es. 4* tK^s tiiiie Linctol/ made arrapgements for peace between the OJibwaryrs/and Dahkotahs, and sent two Frenchmen to dwell isl the villages of the latter, with a promise that, if they ceased to fight the Ojib- ways, th^y should haveVregular trade, and a "black robe" reside^ in. their country. \- The Qjibways, after /the treaty, came down to Mon- treal, and were thus addressed by Longeuil,' the gover- nor : — . " I am ;|fejoiced, n/y children of the Sauteurs, at the peace which Monsieur De Linctot has procured far you with the/ Sioux, your neighbours, and also on account of the prisoners you have restored to them. I desire him, in the letter which I now give you, my son Cabina, for hiin/y that he maintain this peace, and support , the - happy reunion which now appears to, exist between the Sjou3^ and you.' I hope he will succeed in it, if you are attentive to his words, and if you follow the lights whic^ he will show you. y heart is sad on account of the blows which the Fo^^s of "Green Bay have given you, of which you have jus^i spoken, an4i>f which the commandant has written in liis letter. It appeaifs to me that Heaven has revenged you for your losses, since it has given you the flesh of a y^bug Fox to eat. You, have done well to listen to the ords of your commandaat to keep quiet, and respect e words of your Father. It would not have been j^ood to embroil the whole land in prder to revenge a l]ilow struck by people with- I The Baron Loifgeail; WM Oharlm Le Moyne, a native of Canada. H« ^ '^ •♦■ \ JifJ ih 1729. ( HISTORY of; MINNESOTA. . X 182' « out sense or reason, wto have'no authority in their own "^^ "Tinvijte you by this tobacco, my children, to" remain ' in tranquillity in your lodges, awaiting the news of what shall be decUed in the council at \he bay (Green Bay), by the commandant of Mackinaw. :^ ' "There is coming fr6m France a new Father, who will notfail to inform you, a^ soon as 'he shall be able to take measures and stop the bad affair which the Foxes wish to cause in future. - . ,» ,e • x + « And to conyince you, my children, of the .interest I take in your loss, heffe are' two blankets two>irts, and two pairs of leggings, to coyer the bodies of those .of your children who haye been killed, and to stop the blood which hafl been spilled upon 'your mats. I add to this four shirts to staunch the wounds of those who haye been hurt iil this miserable afl&ay, with a pa^ka^ of tobacco to comfort the minds of your young men, a^^ . also to cause them to think hereafter of good things, and wholly to forget bad ones. . „ "This is what I exhort you all, my children, while . waiting for news from your new Father, and also to be always attfentiye to the word^. of the French command- ' ant, who now smokes his pipe in security among you The Foxes again proyed faithless, haymg received belts from the English, and determined to attax^K the French The authorities at Quebec now determined to sehd a reguW army into their country. Their prepara- tions were kept secret; for, says Beauhamois, they Already had an assurance of a passage into the country of the Sioux of the Prairies, their allies, in such a man- ner. that if they ha4 known of our design of making wa^, it would have b^n easy to have mthdiawn m -^' ■f%ia FREaCII re established at lake PEPIN. ■18a that direction, before we could block up the way and attack them in tHeir towns." •• To Eem in the Fox nation as much as possible, Fort Perrot, (jr *a site a few miles ubove, on the shores of Lake Pepin, was re-occupied..^ Shortly after the arrival of the French, the Indians move^ off, and joined the Dahkotahs of the Plains, in a war with the Omahaws. Th.e governor of Canada felt that the occupancy of this post was of vital importance. In a despatch to the Fre^ich government he eloquently urges his views : ' * " The interests of religion, of the service, and of the colony «,re involved in the maintenance of this estabUsh- ment, which has been the more necessary as there is n6 doubt but the Foxes, when routed, would have found an. ^ylum among the St}io\ix,-had not the French been set- tled there, and the docility and submission manifested by the Foxes cannot be attributed to any cause except the attention entertained by- the §cioux for tHe French, and the offers which the^ former made the latter, of which the Foxes were fully cognisant. " It is necessary to retain the Scioux in these favour- , able dispositiotw, ii|^^ order to keep the Foxes in check. »" The fort the French'builtamong-^ Col. D. vol. ix., p. 1016. The fort the Scioux on the bordeJf of Lake seems to be higher up than Parrot's, Pepin, appears to be badfy situated and was built by Laperriere. Pike x.-i.^!.- _-^L . -r. . ., in his journal appears to hare this .on acoount'of the freshets. But the Indians assure that the waters rose higiher in 1727 than it ever did before ; and ibis is cjredLbfe, inasmuch as it did not reach the fort this year. * * * *. * As the waters might possibly rislr as hrgd as 1727, this fort could be removed four or five arpents from fort iA view, when he says: "Just below the (jJoint of sand) Pt. de Sable, the French, under Frontenao, who had driven the Renards from tl)e Wisconsin, and chased them up the Mississippi river, built a stockade on this lak^ (PepinJ, as a barrier the shore without prejudice to the against the savages It became & views entertained in buildings it on noted factory fpr the Sioux." ita praaent site. Paria Dob. JS. Y. T-'-p" i( ^ 184 HISTORY OP MINNESOTA. -i^ and counteract the measures they might adopt to gauj. over the Scioux, who will invariably reject their prOpo^" - sitions so long as the French remain ib the country, and their trading post shall continue there. But, despite all these advantages and the importance of preserving that establishment, M. de . Beauharnois cannot take aijy steps until he has, news of the French who ^sked his , permission this summer to go up there with a canoe load of goods, and until assured that those who wintered there have not dismantled Mie fort, and that the Scioux continue in the sam« sentiments. Besides, it does not seem very easy in the^preseiitcopjuncture, to maintain that post, unless there be a soUl^ea^e with the Foxes ; on, the other hand, the greatest portion of the traders, who applied in 1727 for the establishment of that post, have .withdrawn, and will not send thither any mere, as the rupture with the t'oxes, through whose -country it is necessary to pass in order to reach the Scio\ix in canoe, has led them to abp,i)doiN;he idea. But the one and the other case might be remedied. The Foxes will, in all probability, come or send next year to sue for peace ; therefore, if it be granted to them on advanta- geous conditions, there need be no , apprehension when gomg to the Scioux, 'and another company could be formed, less numerous thtm "the first, through whom, -or some responsible merphants able to aflford the outfits, a new treaty could be maide wliereby these difficulties would be soon obviated. One only trouble remains, and that is, to send a commanding and sub-officer, and some soldiers up there, which are absolutely necessary for th^ maintenance of goed order at that post; the missionp aries would not go there without a commandant. This arvioo, and the expenwe of vl :.r m DE LIOKERY'S EXPEDITION AGAINST THE FOXES. 185 which must be on his majesty's account,, obliges them to apply for orders. They will, as far as Ues in then- power, indiuce the traders to meet that expense, which will possibly- amount to 1000 livres or 1500 livres a year fai- the commandant, and in proportion for the .officer under him ; but, as in the beginning of an establisliiient the; expenses exceed the profit^, it is improbable tha,^ any company of merchants will assume the outlay, and in this case they d^paand orders on this point, as well as his majesty's opinion asrto the necessity of preservings so useful a post, and a nation which has already ftffordei' proofs of its fidelity aiid attachment. "'V- " These, orders could be sent them by way of fi© Royale, or by the first merchantmen that will sail for Qu^bdt. The time required to receiye intelligence of th4 occurrences in the . Scioux country, will admit of tlietr waiting for these carders before doing anything." the fifth of June, 1728, an army of four hundred Frenchmen and eight or nine hundred savages', em- barked at Montreal, on an expedition to destroy the^ Fox nation and their allies, the Sauks. De Lignery^ was the head of the expedition — a man like Braddoci^ at Fort Duqu,esne, who moved his army with precision and pomp, as if the savages were accustomed to fight in platoons, and observe the laws of war, recognised by all civilized nations. On the seventeenth of August, in the dead of night, the army arrived at the post at the mouth of Fox river. Before dawn the French crossed over to the Sauk .vil- lage, but all had escaped with the exception of four. Ascending the stream on th^ twenty-fdiirth, they came * Taught by experience, he afterwards became an able officer in the French -war. ■ \» ."*■,. *■„-, ^H> • r _ It ::^i-. J .4. \ .£Ki^tiidfi£^..^%;kli^ i'^^ ■ 186 HISTORY OP MINNESOTA. to a Winnebago village which was also deserted. Pass- ing over the Little Fox Lake, on the twenty-fifth, they entered a small river leading to marshy ground, on the borders of which there was a large Fox village. Here again was another disappoiiitment, for the swift-footed savages had gone many miles on their trail long before the army came in sight. Orders were then given to advance nipon the last stronghold of the enemy, near the portage of the Wis- consin, and on their arrival they found all as still as the desert. On the return of the army from this fruit- less expedition, the Lidian villages ok the line of march were devastated, and the fort at Greene Bay abandoned. The Foxes, having abandoned everything, retired to the country of the loways and Dahkotahs, and probably at this time they pitched their tents and hunted in the valley of the Sauk river in Minnesota. During the year of this badly managed expedition. Father Guignas visited the Dahkotahs, and would have remained there if Jhere had not been hostiUty between the Foxes and French. While travelling to the Illinois, country he fellThat mean ye by these stones ?" I received an interesting reply : — Dean Sir: Your letter of the third instant, relating to the stone heaps near Red Wing, vras duly received. I am happy to comply with your request, hoping that it may lead to an accurate survey of these mounds. In 1848 1 first heard of stone heaps on the hill-tops, back of Red Wing. feut business, and the natural suspi- cion of the Indian,, 'prevented me fwMa* exploring. The treaty of Men- i^ta emboldened me to visit the f hills, and try to find the stone heaps. Accordingly, late last autumn, I ■ started on foot and alone from Red Wing, following the path marked P. ~mi thi> fflftp,^wnrtctr iiierwwithinaw" mit. I left the path after crossing the second stream, and turning to the left, I ascended the first hill that I reached. This is about a mile distant from the path that leads from Fort Snelling to Lake Pepin. Here, on the brow of the hill, which was about two hundred feet high, was a heap of stones. It is about twelve feet in diameter and six in height. The perfect confusion of the stones and yet the entireness of the heap, and the denuded rocks all around, convinced me that the heap had been formed from stones lying around, picked up by the hand of man. • But why and when it had been done,, were questions not so easily decided. For solving these I re- solved to seek internal evidence. Prompted by the spirit of a first explorer, I soon ascended the heap ; aiid the eeldness of tf>e dajT and the 188 HISTORY OF MINNESOTA. ' t He established some six commercial posts on the line of his route, some of which are in existence to this day, and bear the same names. His journey was ended by difficulties with the Indi- ans, and he was obliged to return. The Dahkotahs were suspected of having molested this expedition. The king of France, writing to the been the thrones and playgrounds of fairies. But I must stick to facts. I now started eastward to visit a coni- cal appearing hill, distant about !a mile and a half. I easily descended the hill, but to cross the plain and , ascend another hill, " Ate labor eat." ~Bufr-I-^waauajnply repaid. The hill proved to be a ridge with several stone heaps on the summit. Near on^ heap there is a beautiful little tree with a top like " Tarn O'Shanter's" bonnet. In these heaps I found the bones which I left with you. I discovered each about half-way down the heaps. I then descended northward about two hundred feet, crossed a valley, passed some earth mounds, and as- cended another hill, and there fdunJI' several more stone heaps similar t^^ the others. In them I found no bones, nor did I see anything else worthy of particular notice at pre- sent. If these facts should, in any mea- sure, help to preserf^ correct infor- mation oonoerning any part of this . new country, I shall be amply re- warded for writing. Your obedient servant, T"^ J. F. AlTON. KapoBia» liB. 17, 1852. proximity of my gun, tended to sup- press my dread of rattlesnakes. The stones were such that I could lift, or roll them, and soon reached ti stick about two feet from the top ^ of the heap. After descending about a foot further, I pulled the post out ; and about the same place fouida shank bone, about five inches long. "The post was red cedar iialf decayed, ^t*. e. one side, and rotted to a point in the ground ; hence I could not tell whether it grew there or not. The bone is similar to the two which you have. I left it and the post on the heap, hoping that some one better skilled in osteology might visit the heap. The stones of the heap are magnesian limestone, which forms the upper stratum of the hills about Red Wing. Much pleftsed, I started over the hill top, and was soon greeted by an- other silent monument of art. This heap is marked B. on the map. It is similar to the first which is marked A., only it is larger, and was so co- vered with a vine, that I had no suc- cess in opening it. From this point there is a fine view southward. The valleys and hills are delightful. S^ch hills and vales, such cairns and bushy glona, would, in mjrfHther^H landjJNiiTW ■,-;j^^W"-' :/;/V'^'fli'>'iS'V''j"»!".iW^-?^'^'y^'i,'„*i^f^!s FINAL ATTACK ON THE FOXES. 189 governor of Canada, under date of May tenth, 1737, says : — " As respects the Scioux, according to what the com- mandant^ and missionary' have written to Sieur de Beauhamois, relative to the disposition of these Indians, nothing appears to be wanting on that point. But their delay in coming down to Montreal since the time they promised to do so, must render their sentiments some- what suspected, and nothing but fact^can determine whether theii* fidelity can b^ absolutely relied on. But what must fi^ill further increase the uneasiness to be entertained in their regard, is the attack on the convoy of M. de la Veranderie." The Foxes having killed some Frenchmen in the Illinois country, in 1741, the governor of Cpnada, Mar- qius de Beauhamois, assembled at his house, some of the most expeJ^Bnced officers in the Indian service, the Baron de Longeuil, La Come, De Lighery, -and others, and it was unanimously agreed, that the welfare of the French demanded the complete extermination of the Foxes, gild that the movements against them should be conducted with the greatest caution. Louis XV. was gla$ to hear of the determination of the governor of Canada, but he was afraid that it would r^liot be conducted with sufficient secrecy. He, with great discernment, remarks, " If they foresee their inability to resist, they wiU have adopted the policy of retreating to the Scioux of the Prairies, from'which point they will cause more disorder, in the coloijy, than if they had been allowed to remain quiet in their village.** ~^- - The officer in charge of tho incursion, was Moran,*^ - I ^ Saint Pierre. ' •Guignag. ' ftoUbly Siew M>ri%of tho Frpnoh T)nmimfatl. m-. A H 190 HISTORY OF MINNESOTA. r who once had chq.rge of the post St. Nicholas near the mouth of the Wisconsin, on the Mississippi. His strategy was not unlike that of the besiegers of ancient Troy. At that time the Fox tribe lived at the Little Butte des Morts, on the Fox river of Wisconsin. When- ever a trader's canoe hove in sight, they lighted a torch upon the bank, which was a signal for Frenchmen to land, and pay for the privilege of using the stream. Moran having placed his men in canoes, with their guns primed, had each canoe covered with canvas, as if he was bringing into the country an outfit of mer- chandise, and desired to protect it from storms. When near Little Butte des Morts the party was divided, a portion proc^ding by land to the rear of the Fox vil- lage, and the*T^mainder moving up the stream. The d^inen having paddled the canoes within view of tj^/ Foxes, they, according to custom, planted the torcfi, supposing it was a trader's " brigade."^ furiosity brought men, women, and children to the river's bank, and as they gazed, the canoes were suddenly uncovered, and the discharge of a swivel, and volleys "^ of musketry, were the presents received. Before they could recover from their consternation, they received " a fire in the rear" from the land party, and many were ki|led. The remnant retreated to the Wisconsin, twenty-one miles from Prairie du Allien, where, the next season Moran and his troops, on snow shoes, sur- prised them while they were engaged in a game, and slew nearly the whole settlement.' .^. During the winter of 1746-6, D^ liusignan visited • In the North-Went a oolleotlon Reoolleotlont. I'd. iii., Wi«. Hit* of traders' oaooeiU called a brigade. Soo. OoL * « 8nemDg'» North-Wagt, Qfignon^a !i^^,. LXJSIQNAN VISITS THE DAHKOTA^IS. 191 . the Dahkotahs, ordered by government to hunt up the • "coureurs des bois," and withdraw them from the country. They started to return with him, but learn- . ing that they would be arrested at Mackinaw,' for viola- tion of law, they ran awayi While at the villages of the Dahkotahs of the lakes and plains, the chiefs brought to thift ofl&cer nineteen of their young inen, bound with cords, who had killed three Frenchmen at the Illinois. While he remained with them they made peace with the Ojibways of La Pointe, with whom they had been at war for some time. On "his return, four chiefs accompanied him to Montreal, to solicit pardon for their young braves. - The lessees of the trading post lost many of their jteltries that winter, in consequence of a fire. ~ English influence produced increasing dissatisfaction among the Indians that were beyond Mackinaw. Not only were voyageurs robbed and maltreated at Sault St. Marie, and other points on Lake Superior, but even the commanjjant at Mackinaw Was exposed to insolenc^, and there was no security anywhere. The 'Marquis de - Beauharnois determined to sei&d St. Pierre to Ijie scene of disorder. In the language of a document of the day, hrf'was "a very good oflBcer, much esteemed among' all the nati(fti8 of those parts — none more loved and feared." On his arrivil, the savages were so cross, that he advised that no Frenchman should come to trade. . ^ By promptness and boldness, he secured the Ipdians who had murdered some Frenchmen, and obtained the ^ respect of the tribes. , - +^ While the three murderers were being convjeyed in a canoe down the St. Lawrence to Quebec, in chaxge of a i# K' '\ X w « ^ -"^ *Y •■ 5 192 HISTORY OF MINNESOTA. sergeant and seven soldiers, the savages,jsvith character- istic cunning, though manacled, succeeded in killing or drowning the guard. Cfttting theif irons with an axe, they sought the woods, and escaped to their own country. /^ nr " Thus," writes Galassoniere, in 1748, to Count Ma,u. repas, ''was lost in a great measure the fruit of Sieur St. Pierre's good management, and of all the fatigue I '■ endured to get the nations who surrendered these , -^i ^cals to listen to reason." Jflft 'o '\ .( -*- ■15:,; "k 1^ •' )- i^- ,T,^^-IW-f« J sr- or :e, m INDIAN ENLISTMENT.— FRENCH WAR. 193 ur Ji « CHAPTER X. Canada was now fairly involved in the war with New York and the New England colonies. The Home Grovemments were anxious lookers on, for momentous issues depended upon the failure or success of either ; party. The French knew that they must enlist the Upper Indians on their side, or" lose Detroit, Mackinaw, and indeed all the keys of the valley'of the Mississippi, and the region of the lakes. They, therefore, sent officers with presents to Mackinaw, to induce the tribes of the far West to unite with them in expelling the English. 'It was impossible to form regiments of the North American savages, as the French of modem days have done^in Algeria, or as the British with the Sepoys. Indians can never be made to move in platoons. From youth they have marched in single file, and have only answered to the call of their inclinations, and over them their chiefs have not the slightest authority. To' their capricious natures enlistment for a fixed time is repugnant. At the same time, under the guidance of colonial officers wha humoured them in their whims, they frequently rendered efficient service. They were conversant with the recesses of the forest, and walked through the tangled wilderness with the same ease that 18 ^BE ^ so.^}-! ■Rjr-watyv. i.«- -I J • V {94 : HISTORY OF MINNESOTA; ; / tEe French military officers promenaded the gardens of Paris They dikovered the trail of men with the / mstinct that their dogs scented the ' tracKs .pf wild beasts. -Adroit in an attack, they would also, amid a- , shower of musket balls, feel for the scalp.of an^enemy With stich alUes it is no wonder that New England mothers and delicate maidens turned pale when, they heard that the French w^re coming.^ ^ ! _ On the twenty-third of August, 1747, Philip Le Due arrived at Max^kinaw from LaWe Superior, statmg that he had been robbed of his goods at Kamanistigoya, and that the Ojibways of the lake were favourably diBposed toward the'^EngUsh.^ The DahkotahB were also becom- • ing unruly in tU absence of French officers. ' . In the few weeks after Le Due's robbery, St. Fierre ^ left Montreal to become commandant at Mackinaw, and \ Vercheres was appointed for the post at Green Bay. ( On the. twenty-first of June of the next year, La Wde started for La Pointe, and La Verandene for WestSea'— Fond du Lac, Minnesota. . . - . For several years there was constant dissatisfoction among the Indians, but under the influence of Sieur Marin, who was in command at Green Bi^y m^l75d, tranquillity was in a measure restored. " > » The following are some of the arrivals in a ftvr weeks at Montreal, in 1746. July 23—31 Ottawae of Detroit. July 31, 16 Folles Avoine* for war, " ^ HKiskakons " " ' » » 4Soioux, to aak fcH^** commandant. Au|. 2, 50 ^ttowattomicsforwar. 16 Puans Aug. - "■■■ C-"'^"""';^' \ L -X" lif>- low AYS AT TICONDEROGA. 197 and night yesterday; at break of. day the English appeared on Lake St. Sg^rament (Champlain), to the number of twenty-two barges, under the command of Sieur Parker. The whoops of our Iridiajis impressed them with such terror that they made but feeble resist- ance, and only two barges escaped." • After De Corbiere's victory on Lake Chl&nplain, a large French army was collected at Ticonderoga, with which there were many Iii^ians frpm the tribes^ of .the North-west,' and the loways appeared for the first time in the 'east. ' -# It is an interesting fact that the English officers who IKBIANS OF THE UPPER COUN'TRY. Tetes de Boule .... Outaouaia Kiskakons . . . " Sinagos . . . " of the Forksr.. . . *' ofMignogan . ._ 1 " ' "of Beaver Island " of Detroit , . . •* of Sagifiau ^ , . Sauteurs of Chagoamigon • . " ' of Beaver '. . . " of Coasekim&gen . " 'ofthftCarp . * w" "of Cabibonkfe • . \ Poutduatamis of St Joseph ■ ' •' ' of Detroit . . Folles Avpines of Orignal . •• of the Chat. Miamtt . ; ^ . . . . P'uana of th6 Bay .... Ayeouais (loways) , . . Foxes . . .... . . .! Ouillas .' . \ 'Loups . . ' OFFICERS. 3 94 De Langlade. 35 Florimont. 70 Herbin. 10 Abbe Matayet. ,44 Sulpitian. 30 54 . 33 LaPlante; 23 DeLorimer. 14 Ohesne, Interpreter. 37/ 50 5^ 18V^ ■ 62, 48s De Tailly, Interpreter. 10 20 Marin, Langus. \ }0 Beaomp, Interpreter. . sa 1 Vs > Kl-l&tS ' l^^. < 181 HISTORY ^F MINNESOTA. were in frequent engagements with St..Pierr5, Lusignan, Marin, Langlade, and others, became the pioneers of the British a few years afterwards, in the occupation of the outposte on tht Kakes, and in the exploration of Minne- sota. . ' Rogers, the celebrated captain of rangers, subse- quently commander of Mackinaw, and Jonathan Carver, the first British explorer of Minnesota, were both on duty at Lake Champl'ain— the latter narrowly escaping . at the battle of Fort G«orge. ,ijOn Christmas eve, 1757, Rogers approached Fort Ticondero^a, to fire the out-houses, but was prevented by discharge of the cannons of the French; ^ He ooptented himself with killmg fifteeil beeves, on the horns of one of which he left a laconic and q^using note, addressed to the commander of the ^ost.' On the thirteenth of March,^ 1758, Durantaye, for- merly at Mackinaw, had -fC skirmish with Rogers. Both had been trained on the frontier, and they met " as Greek met Greek." Tl^e conflict was fierce, and the French victorious. The Indian allies, finding a scalp of a chief underneath an officer's jacket^; were furious, and took one hundred and fourteen scalps in return. When the Fifench returned, they supposed that Captain Rogers was among the killed. * At Quebec, when Montcahn and Wolfe fell, there were Ojibways present, assisting the French. • The Indians, returning from the expeditions against ,vi- ■■ ■>,;■.-••■ i " I am obliged to you, Sir, for the my compliment^ to the Marquis du repose you have allowed me to t^e ; Montcalm. Roobbs. Cwnmandant i thank you for the fresh meat you Independent 0ompani«S8." have HtU toe, I request you to present ^ ^^»W'J>ei!»T^^W?!-»'SI^|ffiJf W- ENGLISH AT GREEN BAY.— DAHEOTAH EMBASSY. 199 th6 English were attacked with smail-pox, and many died at Mackinaw. , On the eighth of September, 1760, the French de-, livered up all their posts in Canada. A few days after the capitulation at Montreal, Major Rogers was sent with English troops, to garrison the posts of the distant . . North-west. > On the eighth of September, 1J61, a year aftpr the surrender, Captain Belfour, of the eightieth regiment of the British army, left Detroit, with a detachment, to ' take possession of the French forts at Mackinaw and I Green Bay. Twenty-five soldiers were left at, Macki-r naw in command of Lieutenant Leslie, and the rest sailed to Green Bay, where they arrived on the twelftji ' of October. - The fort had been abandoned for several years, and was in a dilapidated condition. In charge of it, there was left a lieutenant, a corporal, and" fifteen soldiers. Two English traders arrived at the sam6 time— McKay from Albany, and Goddard from Mon- ^ ■treal. , I '*0n the first of March, 1763, twelve Dahkotah war- - . riors arrived at the fort, and proffered the friendship of ' ^^ the nation. They told the English officer, with warmth, - that if the Ojibways, or other IndJiiQS, wished to obstruct the passage of the traders coming up, to send them a belt, and they would come an4 cut them off, as all . Indians were their slaves or dogs! They then produced , * ■ a letter written by Penneshaw, a French traded who had been permitted, the year before,' to go to their /^"'^^untry. On the nineteenth of June, Penneshaw re- turned from his trading expedition among the Dahko- tabs. By his influence the, nation was favourably affected Ward the^ EngUsh. He brought with him | 1 rfT^^-W^J-ij-T^- j^«J^,^*ig^4.-/^^-S5l- ''35H * w yt-^Sf^^ X^~ , f^f ^ «-, 5>?j^ ■% 200 HISTORY OF MINNESOTA. pipe from them, witfi a r^uest that traders might.be sent to them.^ 1 Extracts from the journal of Lt. Gorell, an English officer at Green Bay, Wis. His. Coll. vol. i. " On March 1, 1763, twelve war- riors of the Sous came here. It is certainly the greatest nation of Indians ever yet found. Not above two thousand of them were ever armed with fire-arms, the rest de- pending entirely on bows and arrows, which they use with more skill than any other Indian nation in America. They can- shoot the wildest and largest beasts in the woods at seventy or one hundred yards distant. They are remarkable for their dancing, and the other nations take the fashions from them. » » * » This nation is always at war with the Chippewas, those who destroyed Mishamakinak. They told me with warmth that if ever the Chippewas or any other Indians wished to ob- struct the passage of the traders coming up, to send them w^ord, and they would come and cut them oflf from the face of the earth, as all Indians werp their slaves or dogs. I told them I was glad to see them, and hoped to have a lasting peace with them. They then gave me a letter wrote in French, and two belts of wampum from their king, in which he expressed great joy on hearing of ■ there being English at his post. The letter was written by a French tra- der, whom I had allowed to go among them last fall, with a promise of his ■ - J behaving well, Tfhich he did, better than any Canadian I ever knew. * » * * With regard to traders, I told them I would not alloV any to go amongst them, as I then understood they lay out of the government of Canada, but made no doubt they would have traders from the Missis- sippi in the spring. They went away extremely well pleased. 'June 14th, 1763, the traders came down from the Sack country, and confirmed the news of Landsing and his son being killed by the French. There came with the traders some Puans and four young men,- with one chief of the Avoy (loway) nation to de- mand traders.' * * * * "On the nineteenth, a deputation of Winnebagpes, Sacs, Foxes, and Me- nominees arrived with a Frenchilan named Pennensha. This Pennen- sha is the same man who wrote the letter the Sous brought with them in French, and at the same time held council with that great nation in favour of the English, by which he much promoted the interest of the latter, as appeared by the behaviour of the Sous! He brought with him a pipe from the Sous, desiring that as the road is now clear, they would by no means allow the Chippewas to obstruct it, or give4he English any disturbance, or prevent the traders from coming up to them. If they did so they would send all their warriors and out them off." ■ ' "Pf ■''■"?^«" / |p»»- '.VrC, t -,jpfl>»niy NO ENGLISH POSTS BEYOND MACKINAW. 201 ,-f? _jj. . CHAPTER XL 4-'- ^ ) Though the treaty of 1763, made at Versailles, be- tween France and England, ceded all the territory comprised within the limits of Wisconsin and Minne- sota to the latter power, the English did not for a long time obtain a foothold. *^ The French traders having purchased wives from the Indian tribes, they managed to preserve a feeling of friendship towards their king, long after the tradiil| posts at Greea Bay and Sault St. Marie/ haxi been dis- continued. ^ ' / The price paid for peltries by those engaged in the fur trade at New Orleans, was also {ligher than that which the British could afford to give, so that the Indians sought for French. goods in exchange for their skins. ■ .,* \ ! -:-[:■:. Finding it useless to compete with the French of the lower Mississippi, the English government established no posts of trade or defence beyond Mackinaw. The country west of Lake Michigan appears to have been trodden by but few British subjects, previous to hun who forms the subject of the present chapter, and whose name has become somewhat famous in consequence of his heirs having laid claun to the sit^ of St. Paul, and many miles fidjacent, . -^ ■M^^JJJP** -^JT' ot>houM by the owner of the.land. - . On the bluff abbve are numeroQS mooods.^ Under the siipervision oT the writer, one eighteen feet high and two hundred and sixty feet, in cir- Qumference at the base, was opened to the depth of three of four feet. Fragments of skull, wfiich crqmbled In 1837 Nicollet the astronomer on exposure, and perfect shells of and Kis assistanta, worked many human teeth, the interior ,entirely hours and entered the little. oat^ decayed, were found. Uiat ronittlnedi e ^^9^ ry ••r-rV^T^ ^ FALLS OP ST. ANTHONY IN 17GG. 209 ■'"* Falls, ^tands a small island of about an acre and a half, oh which grow a great number of oak trees." From this description, it would appear that^the little island, now some distance in front of thte Falls/vas once in the very midst, and shoWs that a constant recession has been going on, and that m ages long past, they wer^ ^not far from the Minnesota mer. A century hence, if %he wearing of the last five years is any criterion, the Falls will be abDye the town of St. Anthony. No description is mgre glowing than Carver^s, of the ^ country adjacent : — . *■ - * " The country aroiind them is extremely beautiful. It is not an uninterrupted plain, where the eye finds no, relief, but composed of many gentle ascents, which in the summer are covered with the -finest verdure, and interspersed Avith little groves that give a pleasiag variety to the prospect. On the whole, when the Falls 'are included, which may be seen at the distance of four . miles, a more pleasing a^kpicturesque view I believe ^^riot be found throughcSpthe universe." y5e arrived at the Falkon the seventeenth of Novem- - ber. If 66, and appears to 'have ascended ^s iar as Elk ".river '^-^ .■'.' '.v. ~. * -^ , ' ' , ' , ">On tl\e iweniy-fifltoP November, h^Mjd returned to the place om)osite th?li|innesota, wh^gle*had |j^ Ms canoe, and phis stream a#^et P.ot beingjt)bstM||^with ice, he commenced its ascent, with the colotiSpf l&reat - Britatin flying at the stern of his canoe.- There is no doaibt that he entered this riv^r, but how far he explored it cannot be ascertained. He s^aks of the Ilapids near ShokDpay,^aiid asserts that he went as fiir as two hundred , miles beyond Mendota. He^markg :-- ^< On the seventh of December, T arrivRd at the utmegW ':•■ . \ "**■ ■ "■ f 'fV .West/wheft I met a sviiom i thkotahs theft i.Uies,te ad^ « .WSt' l^Af ^j*",*^^ SSwe IndiaWB thVlA end of Apnl, l.eTj H'-not p»rt fropi the.^ fe se^eraj days, as I was # noi p» '. «.^■^,„ near lhre(?;h.undred of jfe^pam^ ""-^of til river St. Pierre. • At this • ih^ to the 3*^ %^^;, ^, g^at cave (Day, season these l?axias annuaw^y y^ b %n's Bluff), before mentimM^_ , ^^.^^^ . When he arrived at the il^at cave, anu . yvnen u -p„i;.itis 1 their deceased friends in had deposited the remains yi t ^ the huriaVpla^^e th^t stands^adaacent to t they their gr^at'council, to which he was admitted ^^ , ^ 1^1^^ the Naudowessies brought their dead fo^ inter- menil 'thWgreatcave (St. P;-^)'/-f ^uX^ ' insfehtJnto the remaining burial rites, but whetl^er it wlfon account of the stench^wMch a-se from^Bo many Cifes or Whether they chose to keep this part of then: Sm secret from me, 1 could not di^ver^ I found however, that they considered my cunopity as ilUimed, and therefore I withdrr t.~n.l.tiaDi of Schiller, we Oh.pl«r 111, y. 89.^ M »i;' t ( v'W W^'",* '1 /' PROPOSED PACIFIC ROAD. 213 consequences to the public, are not to be slightedj as we jnay be led into a general quarrel through their means. The Indiians in the part adjacent to Michilimackinac have been treated- with at a very great expense for some time previous. " Major Eodgers brings a considerable charge against the former for mediating a peace between some tribes of the Sioux and some of the Chippeweighs, which, had it been attended with success, would only have been interesting to a very few French, and others, that had goods in that part of the Indian |ipuntry, but t^ie con- trary has happ^ed, and they are ^w more violejit, and war against one another." f^^ ' Though a wilderness of over one thonsyad miles inter- vened between the Falls of St. Anthony and the white settlements of the English, he was fully impressed with, the idea that the state now organized under the name of Minnesota, on account of its beauty and fertility, c would attract settlers. „' " Speaking of the advantages^i^country, he says that the future population will^pBSWe to convey their produce to tl^e seaports with great facility, the current of the river from its source to its entrance into the Gulf of Mexico, being extremely favourable for doing this in small craft. This might also in time be facilitate hy canals or shorter cuts, and a Smmunication opene^ hy ■water with New York, hy way of the Lakes" The subject of this sketch was also confident that a route could be discovered by way of the Minnesota rive|k which " \spitd ppen a passage for conveying intellige; t6 Chin^*^ tlie . Englis);! settlements in the E Indies." ■■_^.,^,ii '.■■-^^■., ■ %»^- Caryer^ ,::'?--:■- ■0~- ' EXAMINATION OF THE CARVER CLAIM. 215 by the Indians contain the syllables che, chaw, and dm, after the dialect of the Chinese." The comparison of languages has become a rich source of historical know- ledge, yet yery many of the analogies traced are fanciful. The remark of Humboldt in " Cosmos" is worthy of re- membrance:— "As the structure of American idioms appears remarkably strange to nations speaking the modem languages of Western Europe, and who readily suflfer themselves to be led away by some accidental analogies of sound, theologians have generally be-^ lieved that they could trace an affinity with the Hebrew, Spajiish colonists with the Basque and the English, or French settlers with Gaelic, Erse, or the Bas Breton. I one day met on ^ the coast of Peru, a Spanish naval officer and an English whaling captain, the former of whom declared that he had heard Basque spoken at Tahiti ; .the other, Gaelic or Erse at the Sandwich Islands.'" ^ , , . Carver became very poor while in England, and was a derk in a bttery officfeHe died m 1780, and left a widow, two sons, and ft»"gbters, in New England, and also a cliild by anol^wlfe that he had married m Great Britain. "% ^ i . Aft«r his death a claim was urged for the land upon which the capital of Minnesota now xtands, and for many miles adjacent. As there are still many persons who believe that they have some right through certaitf deeds purporting to be from the heirs of Carver, it is a matter worthy of an investigation. Carver says nothing in his book of travels m relation to a grant from tl^e Dahkotahs, but afteVhe was buried, it was asserted that there WW a deed belonging^ to him in existence, conveying valuable lands, and that °- ik : \ -^■*?« ■ ' ^^-'"f 216 HISTORY OF MINNESOTA. deed wa^ executed ^t the cave now in the eastern suburbs of Saint Paul.^ The original deed was iiever exhibited by the assignees of the heirs. By his EngUsh wife Carver had one child, a daughter Martha, who was cared for by Sir Richard and Lady Pearson. In time she eloped and married a sailor. A mercantile firm m London, thinking that money could be made, induced the newly married couple, the day after the wedding, io convey the grant to them, with the understanding that they were to have a tenth of the profits. J The merchants despatehed an ag^fit by the name ot Clarke to go to the Dahkotahs, and obtain a new deed; ,but on his way he was murdered in the State of New York. as follows, viz : from the Falls of St. Anthony, running on east bank of the Mississiplii, nearly south-east, as- far as Lake Pepin, where the Chippewa joins the Mississippi, and from thence eastward, five days tra- vel accounting twenty English miles per day, and from thence again to the Falls of St. Anthony, on a direct straight line. We do for ourselves, heirs, and assigns, forever give unto the said Jonathan, his heirs and assignf, with all the trees, rocks, and rivers therein, reserving the sole liberty of hunting and fishing on land not planted or improved by the said Jonathan, his heirs and assigns, to which we have affixed our respec- tive seals. "At the Great Cave, May Ist, 1767." " Signed, Hawnopawjatin. Otohtonooomlishkaw. » Deed purporting to have been GIVEN AT THE CAVE IN THE BLUFF BELOW St. Paul. - "To Jonathan Carver, a Chief under the most mighty and potent George the Third King of the Eng- lish, and other nations, the fame of whose warriors has reached our ears, and has now been fully told us by our good brother Jonathan, aforesaid, whom we rejoice to have come among us, and bring us good news from hia country. "We, Chiefs of the Naudowessies, who have hereunto set our seals, do by these presents, for ourselves and heirs forever, in return for the aid and other good services done by the said Jonathan to ourselves and alli#, give, grant, and convey to him, the said Jonathan, and to his heirs and assigns forever, the whole of attain -tract trftefi'ito*yof-^"'^^ bolndgi :^- %: CARVER'S CLAIM BEFORE CONGRESS. 211 In the year 1794, the heirs of Carver's American wife, in consideration of fifty thousand pounds sterhng, conveyed their interest in the Carver grant to Edward Houghton of Vermont*! In the year 1806, Samuel Peters,^ who had been aTory and an Episcopal minister during the Revolutionary war, alleges, in a petition to Congress, that he had also purchased of the heirs of Carver their rights to the grant. Before the Senate Committee, the same year, he testified as follows : — "In the year 1774, I arrived there (London), and met Captain Carver. In 1775, Carver had a hearing before the king, praying his majesty's approval of a deed of land dated May first, 1767, and sold and granted to him by the Naudowissies. The result was his majesty approved of the exertions and bravery of Captain Carver among the Indian nations, near the Falls of St. Anthony, in the Mississippi, gave to said Carver 1373Z. 13«. Sd. sterhng, and ordered a frigate to be prepared, and a transport ship to carry one hundred and fifty men, under command of Captain Carver, with four others as a committee, to sail next June to New Orleans, and |/^S> to ascend the Mississippi to take possession of said Ai^mtory conveyed to Captain Carver, but the battle of Bunker Hill prevented/'* In 1821, General Leavenworth, having made inqui- ries of the Dahkotahs, in relation to the alleged claun, addressed the following to the commissioner of the land ofl&ce : — C ^ Said to have bewi the author of a fictitious work called " Connecticut Blue Laws." . * Peters also testified that ho was wie great-grandson of Qovernor John Carver, the first O^ief Magistrate of Plymouth Colonj W' H «1 '"">r. 218 HISTORY OF MINNESOTA. !K ' "Sir : Agreeably to your request, I have the honour to inform you what i have understood from the Indians ■ of/til^ Sioux Nation, as well as some fjiots; within my / Own knowledge, as to what is qommoiliy termed Car- 'v- vers Grant. The grant purports^^o be made by the Chiefs of the Sioux of the Plains, and one of the chiefs ^ ' uses the sign of a serpent, and the other a turtle, pur- porting that their names are derived from thos K-'^ .' V <> ... • » , ■ ■ ».' "j- > ' SI ./jh^'- ' * ■ '■qi5"'';?^^iir-~ Ls •■■ iQ ^ 1 ^» ir y it. ■/• 5e • ■■" f.. ;(- - ■"■ <-/ to ••, 1 ot . ^•H' m: ^. LEAVENWORTH'S LETTER OU THE GRANjI. 210 authorized to make a grant. Among; the Siqpx of the , River there are no such names. "3. They say the Indians never received anything for the land, and they liave no intention to part with it, without St consideration. From, my knowledge of "the Indians, I am \nduced to think they would not liiake so considerable a grant, and have it go into full effect, "without receil?ing a subutfUvtiaVoonsideratipn. 44.' They have, aud' ever have had, the possession of the land, -anii intend to keep it. X know that they ar^ very particular in makipg every person who wi«h^ to cut tSnber on that trafct, obtain their permission to • do so, and to obtain payment for it. In the moi^th of May last, some FreHchme^ brought a large ra^'^f red cedajf timber out of thp Chippewa river, which timber wasijut on. the tract before mentioned. . The Indians ai . one of the iyiUages on the Mississippi, 'where the prin-. , ^' cipal chief resided, compelled, the Fren^Dften to. land ,• the raft, and ^ould not permit them to ppfls until they had'receiveid p»y for the timber; and the Frenchmen j were compelled -to leav« thjeir raft with the Indiafis • • until thejji^ent to Prairie du Chie^, and obtained th^ '*f necessary^articles, tod made ttie payment required." On the twenty-third of Janjjlry, 48^3, the Committee :;of Public Lands made a re'p|| on thejaaim^ the. >* Senate, which, to ^very disinterested petso^ is ehtirely Bftfcisfactorjr. Afte? stating ftie facts of'the>tiao«the . / i?ie5port'coi)^uf8fJ^ . ./*^" (;'''p^:y .. ■! •.,• ' WiMy ^^Th^'Bey.i Samuel PeterarA'hi8^B^tition| further ) 'Btates th^i lief*, ifcl^e present Ejnperoif of thte^SToux M^ *. «* >i. . _„4 h^A w;«« A fiwSKAtn the heirs and ,*, ■ f- , * \t A 1^ •^ t .^li^wel^es, and fed Wini; ^ Saj^ein, the heirs and re of m "two grand cMefs who signea the said - ''^'^iven satisfactory an^ ^uccfessore — -T» r , " HJb t^Ajaptain Carver, hi V'*. 4». '^. t . ■/ -mr Ttr -r/ .-I ,,»ni, ^"t .4 *>■' •' ^.■^■' '. '.'/» *','?. T"*"?^""??^ "«'i'*^-?^'* ^ f^^i 1* -"n^i-^jgf"^ ^'^•>'i '^''^'^' YT^'* "-j(^>PS'^r'^f IT- 220 HISTORY OP MINNESOTA. positive proof, that they allowed- their ancestors' deed to be genuine, good, and valid, and that Captain Carver's heirs and assigns are the owners of' said territory, and may occupy it free of all molestation. * " The committee have examined and considered the claims thus exhibited by the petitioners, and remark that the original deed is not produced, nor any compe^ tent legal evidence oflfered, of its execution ; nor is there any proof that the persons, whom it is alleged made the deed, were the chiefs of said tribe, nor that (if chiefs) they had authority ip gr^uit vand give away the land Ijclonging to their tribe. The paper annei^d to tlie petition, a^ a copy of said deed, has no subscribing wit- nesses; and it would seem impossible at fhis remote period, to ascertain the important fact, that the persons who signed the deed comprehended and understood the' jneahing and effect of their act. - ' * ^' The want of proof as to these facts, would interpose in tlie way of the claimants' insuperable difficulties. But, in the opinion of the committee, the claim is not such as ihe United States are under any obligation to allow, even if the deed were proved in legal form. "The British government, before, the ^ime when the lleged deed bears date, had deemed it ^udent and isgfwy, for the preservation of peace witJi the Indian trills uqder their sovereignly^ protection, and dominion, • te previftht British subjects frompurchasmg lands Man • the Indians; and ihis ruleijj|lpolicy was made known and enforced by the proclarSHfei of the king of Great Brijbain^ of seventh^ October, 1763, which contains -on ^express prohibitipii;^ ' ,^ t ^t ^^ - , w ^ « " Captain Carva-j aw^je of the Ifitw, and Viiowirig that > auch a contract could not v S' • '> •. ." V .; •^ '•■*^1 '»" id- u J. ^iC ■ ^v' REPORT OF SBINATE COMMITTEE. 221 * . applied to the British government to ratify and confirm the Indian grant, and though it was competent for that' government then to confirm the grant, and vest the title of said land in him, yet, from some cause,. that govern- ment did not think proper to do it. . " ^ " The territory has since becoftie the property of the- Upited States, and an Indian grant, not good f^ainst the B^-itish govefmment, would appear to be not bii^iJig^ upon the United Statfes government. - " What benefit the British government derived ^rom the services of Captain Carver, by Kis travels and resi- dence among the Indians, that government alone could determine, and rtlone cquld judge what remuneration those services deserved. " One fact appefirs from the declaration, of Mr. Peters, in his statei^t'in writing, among the papers exhibited, namely, thaf th^ British government did give Captain Carver the su|[i of one thousand three hundred and seventy-five pounds six «hillings and eiglit pence ster- ling.* <^To the^Unit«d States, however. Captain C^trver rendered ^o ls€^vice» which could be assumed as any equitable ground fSr the support of the petitioners' claim. . .^ J . " " The committee being of , opinion that the United States- are not bou^d, in J%v or. equity, to confirm the ^8aid alleged Indiiw jp-^nC/jIcK^ the ad^tion of the following resolutiqi^:'^ .- ^* • - « ' tte^dved, that the "puayer' of the petitioners ought not to. be grantei." ', / - '^^ . .'"- ' » tord Palmereton stated in 1839," -' pafMiw/Bhowing' any ratification of •that pf^jje cou,id be fiiund ia the - the CAtwr iprftat. K recordB oC the lintitho«oeK)f state " _ ♦ 'r^- , ■ .1 1 " 11 . 7- -I . ■*. • 4 ,.. %,i-,v %: * r /f ■ilJ \ : .V;, -•16- 222 HISTORY OP MINNESOTA. CHAPTER XII. ■%,^ SusTAiNED^ by Frencli 'influence and fire-arms, the Ojibways began to advance into the Dahkotah country. Carver found the two nations at war in 1706, and was told that they had been fighting forty years. Pike, when' at L^ech Lake, in 1806, met an aged Ojibway chief, called " Sweet," who said that the Dahkotahs lived there when he was a young mail. * • , Ojib^ay^ tradition says that about one hundred Wid twenty-five years ago, a Urge war party was., raised to . marc& "^gainst a Dahkotah village .lat- S&ndy Lake ; the Icaderlf name wps Biauswah, grandfather of a well known chief of that name at Sandy Lake. .. f - ' Some years after Sandy Lake had i)een taken by this chi^f, sixty Ojibway« descended the Mississippi. On their return,. at the confluence of the Crow Wing and Mississippi, they saw traces of a large Bahkotah paJrty that h^a ascendeito their village, and probably-kjUed their wivefe and children. . Digging holeff in the gpound they concealed themselves, and awaited the desoent of . their oaemi(}8. the bBhkotflhs Bodn c$ine floatiijg down, «ngitig songs. (rf Mump^. ttn^ beating th^'d^uk, miih •icalps dahgling frcmt pokg.^^ f he Da^otalis wfere ifiy^ tifties as many as tte Ojilwayg; but wheti the latter V * >■■■ ■■■"■■■■■- .^.r— r—" — - ^^■■1SL*'',T "«^ _J ... - ^,^^,^^ . OBIGIN OP THE NAME PILLAGER. tn beheld the reeking scalps of tljftr relatives they were nerved to fight with desperation. The battle soon com- menced, and when arms and ammunition failed, they dug holes near to each other and fought with .stones. The bravest fought hand to hand with knives and clubs. The conflict lasted three days, till the Dahkotahs at last retreated. The marks of this battle are still thought to • be visible. > ^ * The band of Qjiifwrays, living at Leech Lake, have long borne the name of "Pillagers," from the fact th^t, while encampe^ at a small creek on tte Mississippi, ten miles from Crow Wing river, they robbed a tjader of his goods. , » Very near tA period that .France ceded Canada to ^England, the last conflict of the Foxes and Ojibways took place at the Falls of the St. Croix. 4^The 'account which the Ojibways give ff this battle, is, that ariamou4 war chi^f of Lak0 Superior, \vhose V jUMne was Waub-o-jeeg, br/White Fisher, sent his war club and wampum of war !» call the picattered ))difds of the Ojibway tribes,.to' collect a war party to march against the Dahkotah villages qn. th^ St.. Croix aiid ' Mississippi. Warriors from^St. Mariq, KeWeenaw, Wis-* Jcoftsiin, arid GVahd Portage joined -hi? ;^arty, ^MP^C - three hundred warriors, Waaib-ojeeg s^art^d fgjyia Pointe to march into the enemy'* country., flMadf, sent "his wai«-.club to the tiUJ^ge of S^ndy Xato^iiid ' i!be^ had eent*tofcfiftcco in retwrp, yith* answer that on a certain dfl^^ixty men from that section of the Ojibway . tribe %outi^eet him at t^ confluence of Sbakd river / ; Vit!^ tfie St. 'Croix, Oft rSchi^^l^ttt'on thfdayl 'i designated," AnA .the Sandy _ Lake ^arty iidt h&ving • jMvedt^'' agreed, upon, Waqrb*o^j^eeg, ncH confident in^ ^ >^ it Vjf u. r- ('<*'. •^ ■^ -, r-* ^> ^i :% \-A; party, of n^-^ty • I >' ■- *• ■i'X '^N .'A- ..-r- ■ ■ ■"/•.«j: .^ L^m ... .,;■; \:,':; >■_■ '" • •»^ ■«' ^ ,» I' y %. mr 22Q HISTdRY OF HatWNESOTA. earlier period it would Have been to them a matter of trifling impprtance whether a white mm wintered with them or not. , ^ , ' In consequence of the murder, the trade was tempo- « rarily withdrawn. This jvras at that time a severe measure, and reduced the^ bands to suffermgs which . thfev couid not well endure. They had no ammunition, no traps, no blankets. For the whole long dreary winter, they were^he sport of cold and famine. That was one of the severest winters that the M'dewakantonwans ever Lperienced, and they had not even a pipe of tobaxjco to ' Siojie over their unprecedented t^isery. They hardly On\he opening of sprikg, after much deliBeratioh, it was determined that the brav^and head men of the band should take the miirderer, and throw themselves at the feet of their English Fathers m C^ada: Accord, ingly, a party of about one hundred of their best men and women leftMehdota early^in the season^ and de- scended the Mississippi iii their canoes to the mouth of the Wisconsin. From thence they paddled up the .Wisconsm, and down the Fox rjver to Green Bay. By this time, however, more than "lialf their number had meanly enough deserted theife. While they ^fere en- camped at Greejj Bay,- all but six, vpart of w^om>ere females, gave up the enterprise, and disgra^sfcuy re- turned, bringing the priAoner with t%ni. The tourage, ^e i3ane and sinew of tlie M'dewakantonwart , b«nd /taight have been found in that iittte ^remnaatbf -Bix inen and women; Wapasha^ the grandfather of the present chief who beais that naine, ^^as ^e man of that truly heroic little " " ->i '^ - ' i - ■-■■ ■ ■"■■ "I ' Ill II III ■! II I ^^^■^——M I ■■■l-llil — .II..! Ill — .11 I ■ ^ ,.' ' . '^ ' v' :. ■ ; ' '^'\ ' ■< , " . WAPASHAW AT MONTREAL. 227 half-dozen. With strong hearts, and proud perseverance, they toiled on till they reached Quebec. . ' Wapashaw, placing himself at the ,he^d of the little deserted band, far from home and friends, assumed the guilt of the cowardly murderer, and nobly gave him- self up into the hands of justice for th6 relief of his; suflfering people. ' After they had given him a few blows with the stem of the pipe through, wlxich P^gonta was smoking when he was killed,^ the English heard Wapashaw wjth that noble generosity which he merited. He represented the Dahkotaha as living in seven barids,*^ and received a like number of chiefs' medals • one of which, was hung about his own neck, and the remaining six were to be given, one to each of the chief men of the ot)^ bands. It would bft highly gratifying to know who we>e the persons who received those six chiefs' medals ;. but, although not more than one century, at the longest, ' has passed, siijce Wapashaw's visit to Canada, it cannot, liow b©^ certainly ascertained fo which divisions of the . Dahkotah tribe they belonged; it seems most probable, however, that the following were the seven divisiwis to which Wapashi|r referred, viz. : — M^de-warkan-ton-wan, Warrpe-kute, Wafrpe-ton-wan, Si-si-tpn-wan, I-han-kton- *^ wan, I-han-kton-waHrnan, and Ti-ton-wari. ■ The names df this; little band of braves &re aU'bst but thaj^|j5^ash*w. They wintered in Canada, -and ajl had, ^M^all^i. ^ B^^ch means Wapashaw re^ s opened thl^l^^of trade, and became richly entitled to . th^ appelldEtioj^-the Benefa^torof the Dt^hkotah tri]^. Tradition Itef^^lerved the ^name of no greater nor better man thftfi^Sph "-'---- ^ ashaw. ^ \ ' m y ,(^-;.v ,;•■ " #,"' m 228 * ^ HISTOEY OF MIRNESOTA. Wapashaw did not, however, end his days in peace. The vile spirit of the fratricidal Cain sprung up among his brothers, and he was driven into exil^ hy their mur- derous envy. To their everlasting shanSe be ift recorded, that he died far away fi^m the M'dewakahtonwan vil- lage, on the Hoka river. It is said tl^at the father of . Wakute was his physician, who attended on him in his last ilhiess. The Dahkotahs will never forget the name of Wapashaw.^ During the war of the Revolution, De Peyster was British officer in command at Mackinaw. Having .de an alliance with Wapashaw, the chief desired - at, on his annual visit, he should be received with more distinction than the chiefs of other nations. This respect was to be exhibited by firing the cannon charged with ball, in the place of blank cartridge, on |iis arrival, ' so that his young warriors might be accustomed, to fire- arms of large calibre. ' On the sjxth of July, .1779, a number of Choctaws, Chickasaws,' and Ojibways were on a visit to the iprt^, when Wapashaw appearied ; and great was their astonishpient when thdy beheld balls discharged from the cannons of the fort flying over the canoes, and the Dahkotah braves lifting their paddles as if to strijte them, and icrying out, " Taya ! taya !" De Peystei^, who was fond of rhjmaing, composed a rude song, suggested by the scene, which is copied as a curiosity: — -' / ^ "Hail ix) the chief! who hia buffalo's back Btraddlea, When in hia own ooontry, far, far, from this fort ; ^ WhQse braye young canoe-men, here hold up their paddles, >> V In hopes, that the whizzing balls, may give them sport. :« »G.H.Pon(i. V ) V \^ ■^^'- EXPEDITION TO PRAIRIE DU CHIEN IN 1780. Hail to great Wapashaw 1 He comes, beat drums, the Scioux chief comes. \ 229 •«<. stMKieir nerves till the canoe runs bounding, awiw Solen goose skims o'er the wave, "They now St As swift While on the Lake's border, a guard is surrounding A space, where to land the Scioux so brave.' Haill to great Wapashaw 1 Soldiers 1 your triggers draw 1 Guard I wave the colours, and give him the drum. Choctaw and Chickasaw, " Whoop for great Wapashaw ; Raise the portcullis, the King's friend is come.^ ' When the news reached Mackinaw that Colonel George R. Clark, in command of Virginia troops, was taking possession of the Wabash and Mississippi settle- ments, and establishing the jurisdiction of Virginia, the English traders became uneasy lest the Americans should &,dvance to the far North-west. As a precau- tionary measure they formed "themselves into a militia company, of which John McNamara was captain, and a trader by the name of J. Long lieutenant. In, the month of June, 1780, the intelligence was received from the Mississippi that |;he traders. had depo- sited their furs at the Indian settlement of Prairie du Chien, and had left them in charge of Langlade, the king's interpreter; and also that the. Americans were in great force iij the Illinois country. • By request of the commanding officer at Mackinaw, Long went to Prairie du Chien, witt twenty Canadians, ■^ These uncouth lines are from a he seems to have been popular with volume of miscellanies published by the traders, yf^haii he was .ordered De Peyster, at Dumfries, Scotland, in to another post, iiir presented him 1812, in the possession of Hon. L. C. with a silver pu; Draper, Secretary of the Wisconsitf holding a gall Historical Society. De Peyster's wife silver ladle, ij^fmbi«44um-to-Mftokioaw, Wid ^^^^ wl, gilt inside, a half, and a of regard. ' 1ii .,. /.•.,:>.% ■ W^VvV-iev^ -V-, . ■■/..■ ^ . '■ »' , -'*■-' . • ■■'*-' '■'' '"■ / ; ■■ „ ,, f .' : . ^ •/.*,. :■ ■ 's?^y / ■ ' . ^ .. ■■ . ■ %f'':.''' ■ ' , ■; __, ,_ . ...^ ..._ . .. _, - ' ■?=- ■ ■ - ■\ -'•'■ " -",' ■"■'".- \ -f^ ■ ■.■:;,■■ '; . ' '/; ' ■ .. • V, t 1 -L ~ . *" ■"■-; _■ * " . ' „■» ■ -V >. -, ^ ' • . ^/ - . -■_ ' ■ : . .' 1 - .; . i"'. ■ -. v "'■ - ■--■ >■ ■ 'V; '■ ^ ■ *' i ,"1 ■ ■ ■-' v'"- 1 .. ' ■ , t • ^ ■ ' -.-_. , ■. «, / ■ ,. ' ' -' *l ""' ■ _ , ♦ "■ ''-' ■,■-- * I __,./ _ .-; - ,. ■■---■" ";'- - '. .V y* i , - . "..■■.^•. *' . • - n-r'** ' ■ ■ ■ -\ 'W' ■* . \ ^^^ /^- ^^ 1 1 ■ 1 1 1 !■ HH 1 ^^M ^^ i IMAGE EVALUATION TEST TARGEt (MT-3) 1.0 "^1^ US, u Hli u i-^is 1.8 .X f- Photographic- „ScMices Corporation * *'* - * ■ 1 1^ llll'-^ 11 "-6 ■: ^ :— / — . 6" -r '— ► 93 WIST MAIN STMIT WIMtU.N.Y. U9M (7l«)t7a<4«03 4& ^^ r > ^ 6^ * V j& ^- •. y. r^ ■C II. 280 HIBTOOT or MINNISOTA. and thirty-si^ Fox and Dahkotah Indians, in nine foi^ '' te Xr-Wle «^ping ^n the Wisconsin river, Aey di«M>yered a smajllog hut. in which wa«a trader, with hTanns cut off, lying on his b«>k, *ho had been mur- dered by the Indians. • j . *i,l « Ti-nrka -The next day the expedition amved at the Forks of the Mississippi," where two hundred Fox Indians on. horseback, armed with spears, bbws, and «jtows, awaited thfa. Among the Dahkotah Indians of the party was Wapashaw, by whose order thebirch canoes were brought totheshor^Uponlandingth^FoxesgreetedWapa^aw and his party, and invited them to a feast of. dog, b^ar,^ and beaver meat ' , , , , ,,^ „i,ia/ After the feast a coundl was called, when the cl;^ of the Foxes addressed Wapastaw to this effect :— « Brothers, we are happy to see you; we have no bad heart ageunst you. Although we are not the same nation ■by\mffxoe^,^ *» Cl''^"' *« P®^*"** were found 5n a ttg-house, g^ed by Captai, IjmgWe and some Indu^. Aiter l^Oug » W.t period, the .snnPf. wVfB. •i FOBMATION OF NOBTH-WEST COMPANY. 231 filled with three hundred packs of the best skins; and the balance burned to keep them ftom the American*, who a few days afterwards arrived for the purpose of attacking the post. '■„,,.;. w.^ At this period the M'dewakantonwan Dahkotahs had ■ retired from the region of MiUe Lac, and were residing . at Penneshaw's' post, on the Minnesota, a few. mdes above its mouth. . . -j » * 41,^ After the disturb^c? of commerce, mcident to toe cession of Canada, had ceased, the trade in furs began . to revive. In the year 1766, traders left Mackmaw, - and proceeded as far as Kamanistigpya, thirty nules east of Grand Pdrtage. Thomas Curry shortly after ventured aa far as the valley of the Saskatchewan, and his su> v^-' m HISTOEY OP MINNESOTA. ing a pistol, he threatened to Aoot those that did uot \i^g Mr. Hairi8, an Indian named Big Marten '^S meri, he pushed on m advance^ti^^^^^^ dav sent back word that he had gone on^to Pme Biver, tdSlg Hs clerk to winter at the Sa^anne portage ^.fitw day^ haxd toil amid iii f^^-^ sisW on the pods ofthe^wUd rpse, and ttie s»i.^C., ^^^mtaSe men reached *e point des^al^^ For* time they Uved there on a few roots and fish, but , !lt Christmi, hunger compeUed t^- ^o -k taj employer at Kne Biver. Weak m body, they pa^d th^udi Sandy Lake, descended the nyer, and at last aS at Kay's post at Pine Biver. After he was ::S! Penult was despatehed to the^ Savanne portagS, where, with his men, he built a log hut. ^T^rd the close of February, BrecheVBig Maxten, and other CtJibway Indians, brought in iieat Mr.Jtay •shortly after visited his clerk, and to d the tooubles he had with the Indians, who exceedmgly hated him. In April Kay andPerrault visited Sandy ^ak^. f «^?;" cL, or Broken Arm, ol^ Bo-koon-ik, was the <^;W chief On the second of May, Kay went out to meet his partner Harris coming ftom Rne Biver. ^ .^ _ . Ihiring his absence, Katawabada,' and Mongozid, and other Indians, came and demanded rum. After much , entreaty Perrault gave them a UttK. Soon Hams, Cr.^dX.t .xrived,.all intoxicated. The Indian. S^^ for mischief. An Indian, named I* Cousin - .ph.cRi„ri..^ffib,i«yofa.. po-iW.*>""l'V»»l»I^''«''^«"• M»i»ippi. .bout •/•?;• J°7'2 V^4.1»d. or t«M T«tb, . Simdy Lato-miSr- vS; • , ■~^-. \ KAY WOUSDBB IN A DBtWKBK BEVEL. 2SS by the rreiich,«!ame to Ka/s tent, anU asked for rmn, Kav told him " No," and pushed him out ; the Indian then drew a conbealed knife, and stabbed him in the neck. Kay, picking up a carving knife, chafed him, but before he could reach his lodge, the.pa«Ba«e_was blocked up by XT^'assailaufB mother, appro!«!MngKa3r,sdd,«a.g- Ushman!^ you come to kill ms^f and, while miplor- l^g ToTher soi with»^Sge crue4 s**!'^^ ^^ ^ ^^ "*T« Petit Mort, a friend of the/wounded trader, took ui^^l, a^i Bol^yi-g foZ seized Cul Bl^c, an aihwaj^bylhe scalp lock, anf drawing his head b^ hepli^d a knife into his IreasV exclaimmg "Die, *ThJtdia. women, becoing a^pmed at to h«. chanal, went into the lodge| and empUed out all the "^"•^IS ? May, Kay-s wound was bet^ a^d seSng ibf Hams and Perrault to come to his tent, he "'?G:ntlemen,youseemysituationa.l>-edetor^ed to leave you at all hazards, to 8et outjor MactaMW, , *^-y, then taking Wd of Perradfs hand, Harris ^T^fyt^'iriSryou understand the l^gua^^ he must accompany you. He ib a gooa i>i: > . :i \' *' ^:i^iff«^ ■^i^ffJ'^*-^ -" K ■■ / '•«• HISTORY OF MINNESOTA. 236 ' has, Uke myself and others, a strong passion for drink- ing'which takes away hisjudgment " _. . . • In the afternoon Kay left, m a litter, for Mackmaw. Perrault and Harris proceeded to Leech Lake, where they had a successful trade with the Pillagers. • Returning io the Savannah river, they found J Beaume there, mi a Mr. Piquet. The former had wintered at th^rt of B^ Lake, aA its entrance into Red River. « v ts j j t-^ +« ' They all proceeded by way of the Fond du Ei« to Max5kinaw, where they arrived on the twenty-fourth^of May, and found Kay in much pain. The latter soon after this started foi* Montreal, but his wound suppurated on the journey, and he died at the Lake of the Two Moun- ' tains, August twenty-eighth, 1785.' About the period of this occurrence„Praine du Chien made its transition, from a temporary encampment dT Indians aad-^eir traders, to a? hamlet. Atnong yie first set^s were^ard, Antaya, and Dubuque. In the ye^ 1780,\tfeej£ifp of Peosta, a Fox^mor, discovered a large vein of lead, in Iowa, on ^the west bank of the Mississippi. > * _ At a council held at Prairie du Chien, in 1788, JuUen Dubuque obtained permission to work the lead mmes, on and near the site of the city that bears his n^e, and the bluff, on which is the Uttle stone housq. that covert liis remains. ^ j tv i Towards the close of the la«t century we find Dick- son, Renville, Grignon, and othersr trading with tb« Qjibways and Dahkotahs of Minnesota. In the emplo; I " Hi.tory, condition, and p«hk Mr. Schoolcraft says that Ha^. ^f of th/Wan Tribes of the wa, a nat^^e of Albany, imd w4, ^•^t^^titeiT^i. iii. • . ili.uuil830. V JODGE PEBtlEE, TRADER IS MINNESOTA. 287 ment ofthfe latter, at hU trading-house on the nver St. Croix, was James EerUer, a youth, who in the next osntury, becMne one of the most useful citizens of Green Bay, Wisconsin. He was a liatiye of Montreal, and arrived at Green Bay in 1791.' Two years aft^r he was employed by an old trader, Pierre Gnpion, to aqt as clerk, at his trading, post on the St. Croix. While there he tfound, with a band of Menompn^s^ aii mte- resting girl, the daughter of a wontan that had_ been abandoned by a French trader, with whom he feU m U and ma^ed. In the yea. 1T97, m company wrth ■ Dickson, he winterea near Sauk Eapids. When Bke S Ihe country he was still eng^ m tradmg above the Falls of St. Aiithony, and he gave this young officer much information, which he deemed valiia. ble Eetuming to Wisconan he acted as chief justice of Brown county, for a period^sixteen years, and died in 1839, much respected. ^ , _ „. _ . 'While PerUet was wmtermg on the St. Oroix, a broken.doW merchant of Montreal, who h^ marnrf a lady of wealth in that dty, a pompous and ipiorant ma^V of eccentridty, by tiie name of Chri^ - Bea;me, was his companion. To the early ^ttl^sof Green Bay he was known as Judge B^aume. WMe oHhe St Croix the foUowing anecdote « related of ■■- . ' 'I- / ^Sne day he invited PerUer and other triers m tiie viciito^e with him. The gueste had amved, and r^ll, cooked in bears' oU and n^Pje ™^ r'. Z>^ when Amable ChevaUer, a if *>«ed, told :,S:r^;hatthere^.^tp,^e.uJo..^^^ I ■^•3^:r^ ' V^^'-" aj, ^^"'^t •^*iwv.^ ij '^'1^6^^ 23t HISTORY OP MINNESOTA;- Reaume's head his red cap, and spreading it upon the table, filled it with the hashed venison.- Reaume, in retaliation, seizing a handful of meat, threw it into the half-breed's face. Becoming much excited, it was neces- sary for the guests to part the belligerents."^ ^ In the yearfl794,"the North-west Company built an establishment at Sandy Lake, With bastions, and aper- tures in the angles for musketry. It was enclosed with pickets a foot square and thirteen feet m height. There were three gates, which were always closed after the Indians had received liquor, " The stockade enclosed two rows of buildings, containing the provision store, workshop, warehouse, room for clerks, and axjcommodar tion for the men. On the west and south-west angles of the fort were four acres of ground, enclosed with pickets, and devoted to the culture of the potato." The British posts were not mfmediately surrendered after the treaty of 1783 between Great Britain and America, and led to some iU-feeling upon the part of the United States. When Baron Steuben waff sent by Washington, in 1784, to Detroit, to take possession of l^he fort, the British commandant informed him that he had no'authority to deliver up the post, as it was on Indian territory. By the presence of British officials • among the Indian' tribes, a hostile feeling was main- tamed towards the citizens of the United States, which led to the wars with the Indians toward the close of the last century. ' . . In the treaty effected by Mr. Jay, Great Britain agreed to withdraw her troops from all posts and places within the boundary lines assigned by the treaty of iWiMOMiii.HiitoriMlSooi6iiyOoUeoti — !•»■ ^' N J % / * ..' ' •.. s"? ^»^ J - r KElILL'S HISTORY OF MINNESOTA, ;PBOM rrS EARLIEST "explorations > ► FRENCH/AND BRIJISH GOVERNMENTS,. TO THE PRESENT TIME. BY REV. EDW. DTJFFISL© NEILlI 'one Volvme,09tavo,m pages. Price $2 50. On recW< 0/ «;/t»c/. \ theworjcvjillbeaemlhy^mailpostpaia. - '' Tms work, although th* history of but o^e State, is apontribu- tion to the'geueral history t)f the Confederacy. It « th^eaal of care'ful and widely-extend^ research, and written ma style ^0 plain and graphid that it can be r^U aloud to those who gather. . " on a winterr^gHt, ardund the capacious fireplace of a^on^- man's cabin. At th4 same time, the .facte concerning *he opera- tions of the French Court in the Northwest in the last centuir, makej vlble pn tiis.parlor-taWe of the cultivated, in the bo^- ewe of t^?. literary man. and in the Ubtaries of schools Ad semi- "^oZ copy, postage prepaid, sent for $2 50 to any address, by a C. e^aOGS & Co., Chicajgb ; or the PubUphers. V cfe - T « TTPPTirhntT & CO.. -:Mi- j. B. LIPHNCOtT & CO., ^Wladelphia. r^ ^ BBCOMMBWDATIONS. ' FROM HON. S; P. CHASE, - _, • • ' . V . aovsKNOB ot bmo. ^ "I have found, the history of Mini^ta. veryjnterestihg. It exhibits, ia fltriWilg Ughts, increMe progress." j^,,. _.^^ 1: ^ ^ /^ BECOHMXNDATIONS. " FROM PROF. LONGFELLOW, AUTHOE Of "BVAHGILIMB" AND •'HIAWATHA.*' "Your History of Minnesota I have looked over with much interest * * * * I do not see how. the work can be rJ^- garded otherwise than as an important contribution to our his- torteJiterature." , , !^, / 'X "f~ FROM REV. S. R. RIQG8, MUBIOHAET AMOHG TH^ DAHKOTAHB. ' "Mr NeUl has, from.the commencement of his residence in Min- nesota, interested himself in the history, customs, conditions, and language of the Aborigines, and. perhaps, I might say, especially of the Dahkotahs. He is, therefore, in most respects, a very fit man to represent them to the world. I know of no man, not connected with our missionary work, who has sympathised with its difficulties and made himself acquainted with its resulU. to a greater extent than Mr-NeUl. And Imay add, he has not faUed t^ do ample ^*"a1 a coUectlott of historical incident!, it is very interesting and valuable; and as such I most cordially commepd it to every one who desires to know more of Minnesota, past and presdnt, than he can obtain/rom any other source." k' 11 -^ FROM THB^AILY MINNB80TIAN, (St. Pauu) "Few will appreciate the immense labor, distributed through a period of nine years, which this work has cost iU author. As it is read over, and we observe the great mass of faoU which it con- tains, new and ekirely original with this work, and relating to the very early history of Mlnnesota,-^mbodying the travels of the first explorers, the operations of the first Indian traders, the trans- ' J-, -■' i <' RECOMMENDATIONS. actions and shifting relations of thOndian tribes who were its primitive inhabitants,— the mass of its readers we fear wiU scarcely bestow a thought upon the difficulties that have been surmounlfed by the persevering industry of Mr. NeiU in giving this work to the world." '■'' ■ FROM THE NOETH WESTERN HOME JOURNAL, (CaioAGO.) * ««We confess to a high degree of satisfaction in reading this bopk The puyishers have done their work well. The binding, type, and pla|Pare neat and excellent The, wader will get through the six hundred pages, and more, without either a pamm his eyes or his heartl ., . , a "But what— asks the person who has not yet seen the book, and scarcely ever heard of the subject ^of which" it treats-what can there be in a history of Minnesota worthy of so m|ich applause r Very much indeed— romance enough to eke out a dozen i^ovels." ^t , ■^°«- FROM THE WASHINGTON UNION. .. "Mr. NeiU has executed his work in a very creditable manner. * * ♦ * We have twice explored the Territory of Minnesota up to the boundary-lme of the British Possessions, traversing the forests, and navigating those majestic lakes in a frail birch canoe, and we can bear personal testimony to the truth of Mr. NeiUs warm eulogies of the beauty and fertiUty of the immense tracts of country in the new State, which are yet undisturbed even by the . pioneer's axe." FROM THE PHnj^DBLPHlA EVENING BULLETIN. "This is not only a ^ery scholarly but a very curious and inte- resting book-one, too, presenting no inconsiderable claim to be ranked amonf the arst^lasa works of American history." V i / . '« M !iptog»j(.'i*!5» »»"'*''^»-»'g^fK?Tfe#^' '5 " . RE00WMBNDATI0N8. PJK)Mj;»B PR53^ (PHOADIIPHIA.) «In some respectB, this volume deserves to be estiinated a^ m important contribution to historical and topographical Uteratm^. Mr Neill W evidently bronght indnstry, abiUty research, per- sonal kn«i.ledge, and unscmpnlons honesty to the execnUon of this hiifif-Unposed task. It will be difficnlt-^ might say im- , p^W& supersede this work, so copious and satisfactory are itB d^ails. Messrs. Lit)pincot*, the pubUshers. have presented it to^e pubUc in their most attractive manner."^ y,^ / / FROM THE HOME JOURNAL, (NiW Yoek») "AU who take aiiy inlerest in the progress of our westem^coun- m wiU read this 4e volume with satisfaction. It contains a arge ^onnt of facts and statistics, together with much entertainihg reading matter-including biographical sketches graphic descrip- tions of scenery, etc. etc.,' In a word, it will amply repay perusal '•w,' .*'" I- .' PBOM TOTTOTORI(«!^ llAOAZlSE. (»«w Yo«.)4^ > " This work bears the impress of authorlty-that authority which derives its weight f^m careftd Investigation and "^-i-Jf « ^esit^ to ascertain and promulgate the truth. ♦ * * * Mr. NeiU • volume may be safely commended as one of the most readable books on the history of the new States in the Wert, and ^U de- lirving an ftttwtlye geru«aL" •,?» ^^ ■ ^h' ds^ y •■"=,;■ J. .^ :#?■ t. i J ■ •sr,.' / ^. A. '».?*' » / V * .1 re »le ie- '»■. J / /iip '1^: ■'M- ■■iiW\ /■ X t ^ ^^H ^ . ^^H W r •!*■■■■.;, ** "■ 4 . » ■ 7 // 1 1 \ t i P f ^ . * $ • ' . 1 • • \ f ' V ' V '. .^ • • ( % W _ • ' ' r. • • * V # * • ■ * \ : V M ' '